How Americans Have Fought War Throughout History Essay -- American War

War is an art form. Everything from the tactics of battle to the uniforms to the weapons to the soldiers, every part has a certain role to play. From the very beginnings of war, there have been those societies that have excelled. Take the Spartans of ancient Rome. Considered by some as the greatest warriors of all time, these human war machines were bred for war. Boys were taken at young ages and taught the art of war until it became part of their soul. Then there were the Mongols. These fierce Central Asian steppe peoples dominated the Asian mainland for nearly a century. Fast forward a few years and the British Empire takes form, and sea warfare is perfected by the British Royal Navy. Now it seems as though America has become the world standard for military power. In its short history of war, America has employed the use of innovative tactics and controversial strategies, all of which were necessary for American victory. America’s first war, its war for independence included the use of a new strategy. American militia men, knowing they were overwhelmingly outmatched by the British Army, used a form of guerilla warfare in order to defeat the British. The colonists would launch surprise attacks on the unsuspecting British, catching them by surprise and sometimes defeating them (Kraplin 5). This was a step away from the form of warfare the British were used to. There were many other tactics the colonists used that the British were not used to, as well. The militiamen would often hide behind trees and fire upon the British soldiers as they marched by (5). This was also new to the British soldiers, who were used to facing an enemy on an open field, lining up, and firing away. This strategy also fit into the form of a g... ...y of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 1968. Pike, John. "Napalm." Globalsecurity.org. N.p., 27 Nov 2005. Web. 23 May 2010. Preston, Anthony, Decisive Battles of the Pacific War. Chartwell Book, Seacus, NJ, 1979. Roth, David E., The Civil War. Quadrillion Publishing. 1992 Simkin, John, Chemical Warfare, n. pag., Web. 14 Mar 2010 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/VNchemical.html Thomson, Sir Robert. War in Peace. London, England: Orbis Publishing Ltd., 1981. 181-168. Print. US Dept. of Energy, . "The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima."US Department of Energy: Office of Heritage and History. US Department of Energy, n.d. Web . 20 May 2010. . Weigley, Russel F., The American Way of War. Indiana University Press. Bloomington, IN, 1973.

Citizen Kane Essay

The film Citizen Kane (1941), directed and written by Orson Welles and Herman Mankiewicz, is an American film drama that use various film techniques to illustrate themes, attitudes, and the development of a story. Welles’ use of camera angles, lighting, movement, symbolism and expression allow the audience to comprehend and understand the themes such as power and exploitation that are present in this movie along with many other themes that pertain to the life of the main character, Charles Foster Kane. Many of the filming techniques that are used in this film illustrate Kane and his feelings and transitions through and about his life. Citizen Kane is a film that demonstrates the importance of how simple scene techniques can help develop a story. After viewing the film, the audience comes to understand that the main theme of the movie is centered around the importance of childhood. Throughout the movie, symbolism is used to reinforce the theme. Thompson, the reporter, attempts to figure out the meaning of the word â€Å"rosebud†, Kane’s last words before passing away. Kane’s life seems to be a mystery to some people, and the word â€Å"rosebud† is that missing piece to Kane’s life. Thompson never figures out what â€Å"rosebud† means, but at the end of the movie we see the word â€Å"rosebud† on the sled that was thrown into the fire. At this point the audience understands that rosebud is indeed symbolic of his childhood and the missing piece of his life. Earlier in the movie, Kane is outside playing with that same sled while his parents are discussing a plan to send him away. â€Å"Rosebud† can now be connected to the snow globe which represents his childhood in Colorad o. Thomson said that â€Å"rosebud† was a missing piece in a jigsaw puzzle. He is illustrating that Kane always felt that he lost his childhood and himself. All he had to show for it was that sled and the snow globe. Further importance on the theme of his childhood is illustrated through lighting when Thomson the reporter investigates Tatcher to get a better understanding of Kane’s childhood. When he enters the room there is a very distinct, glowing light that is angled in such away that it focuses on a book containing information about Kane’s childhood. Right away, we see the importance of Kane’s childhood in the developing plot. To further emphasize this importance, when Thomson opens the book, the audience notices the very distinct contrast between the bright light on the book and the dark area surrounding the book. Throughout the movie, the director is hinting to the audience that his childhood is symbolic of something very important which just might be the answer to the question, â€Å" What/who is Rosebud?† By now the audience understands that that Kane was unable to have a normal childhood due to a lack of say and power. This is illustrated using a depth and focus effect. In the early parts of the film there is a scene in which Kane is outside playing while his parents and banker are negotiating his fate. The actors are ordered in such a way that the mother is always in front, followed by the banker, Kane’s father, and then Kane. Kane’s mother seems to have the power due to her position in this scene. It is important to notice that although Kane is in the far depths, he is still in focus, but with limited power. As we transition through the movie, Kane gains power and is in the front of this scene but there is always depth and focus in the shot to illustrate a hierarchy of power. Another theme in the movie that is reinforced by this technique of depth focusing is relationships. As Kane develops through the movie, the audience recognizes that he is losing his power and his weakness leads to broken relationships. When he takes control of the Inquirer, he is constantly surrounded by people and they are not physically distant from him, but as his status on the hierarchical system dwindles down, he begins to distance himself from others in scenes. When Kane fires Leland, we see a great deal of depth and distance between the two but both remain in focus. In this same scene Bernstein is standing in the doorway at a distance away from Kane but he has no significance. The way the actors are positioned illustrate how Kane is developing as person and with other people around him. When Kane gets taken away by Tatcher at a very young age, his life is transitioning into one of power and corruption. When his employees and partners welcome him for the first time at the Inquirer, all the shots are low angle shots. The angle also makes it seem as though Kane is significantly larger than everyone else in the subsequent scenes. It is as though the audience is looking up to him just as his employees are, illustrating the theme of power that Kane now holds. Exploitation is a theme that begins to develop after Kane has taken control of the Inquirer. His need for power continues to grow and he becomes more and more corrupt. Not only is there corruption within his company, but he comes to exploit other peoples thoughts and ideas. As Kane obtains more power and greed, he gets the idea to run for governor, but in the process he gets exploited in regards to his developing relationship with Susan. This is where the movie transitions from power to weakness. Up until this point there has been many low-angle shots to illustrate Kane’s growing power. When Kane loses the election, the film moves transitions into high-angle shots. Prior to anyone even saying that the election was over, the scene setting clearly illustrates that the election was lost. Even though the office looks like it is a mess, it is very empty. No campaign crew, no feeling. The shot then moves to Kane. During this scene Kane speaks with two different people but his face is down and hidden from the audience. The camera is constantly at a low angle illustrating Kane’s diminishing power. Furthermore, this is the first scene with Kane in which there is limiting lighting in the room, which reinforces the concept of an empty feeling. As mentioned before, the director uses deep focused shots to illustrate a hierarchy of power. Throughout the movie, deep focused shots are also used to put significance on a specific actor. In the deep focused shots, actors are usually separated by long distances, like in the scene where Kane is talking to Susan across a long corridor with Thompson as the interviewer. When either Kane or Susan speak, the camera shot is always focused in front of them to draw attention to what they are saying. Another technique used to put focus on Kane throughout the movie is by drawing in on Kane by passing through and object or person through a continuous shot. This filming technique is used in the first scene of the movie. The scene begins with the audience closing in on a â€Å"No Trespassing† sign, and then passes through the sign to reveal a house with light coming from one window. This might not be a significant amount of light, but the lighting does illustrate the importance of what lies beyond those windows. The scene continues through a garden, over fences, etc. but the whole time the lighted window stays in the same position, continuously bringing a attention to its significance. Of course as the scene continues it is that of Kane passing away and revealing the mystery which follows throughout the film. The director attempts to always keep the attention on Kane even when it seems as though he is fading out of the discussion. The audience can always find a relationship between the characters of a story/film and the main themes. In the film Citizen Kane, the relationship between the characters and important themes are illustrated by filming techniques that range from camera angles to symbolism. Throughout the movie symbolism played an important role in determining the main theme and what â€Å"rosebud† meant. Kane’s development as a person and place in society was illustrated through camera angles, lighting, and depth. These techniques not only assists the audience in understanding Kane, but also understanding other characters and the relationship Kane had with them.

Social Construction of Race - 1867 Words

There is perhaps no bigger and more expansive social construction known to man than the construction of race. In earlier times race meant a tie to national origin, Greek race, Roman race, etc. race underwent a big change in meaning to it’s more contemporary form to distinguish biological differences of physical features and skin color (Wiegman 157). Film and television in this century and the twentieth century have aided and perpetuated stereotypes of race. These stereotypes have been most associated with minority or non-white groups in particularly, and most discussed pertaining to African-Americans in these mediums. Dating back to the earliest silent films all the way through the 20th century and into the new millennium†¦show more content†¦Just like society at large, religion is, in America, the most important aspect and the dividing line between the â€Å"other†. Governor Al Smith of New York, an Irish-American and the Democratic candidate for president in 1928 faced fierce backlash for being Catholic and was a deciding factor in him losing the election (cite). Likewise thirty-two years later John F. Kennedy ran for president and face head winds so strong he had to address it at a Protestant ministers conference in Houston, TX, and demonstrate his insistence that he would not listen to the pope and was a loyal American (cite). Today fifty years after the Kennedy Administration what was â€Å"other† is now â€Å"white†, for instance, Nancy Pelosi, the former Speaker of the House and Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia both Italian-Americans both Catholics are as Wiegman describes â€Å"part of an expanding whiteness† (Wiegman 158). While the aforementioned example is not about film, the filmic representation of the marginalized white groups mirrors American society as a whole. If as Wiegman notes whiteness is expanding, how far will it expand? And if infinitely, what does that mean for African-Americans and o ther minority groups? Only time will tell. Following the Second World War the predicament of European Jews was of little to no concern to those in the United States according to Patricia Erens author of The Jew in American Cinema (197). In the 1950s with the onslaught of McCarthyism studios were against making anyShow MoreRelatedRace And Race : The Social Construction Of Race858 Words   |  4 PagesThe race is an indefinite term, which has not been created from science or research, but more so the idea of what it is. Essentially, race is all about perception. One person may separate races based on a certain category of traits while another person uses totally different guidelines to define what races there are. Race has ultimately been created socially, therefor has no biological components until people connect the two terms. This paper examines the connection between society and race whileRead MoreRace As A Social Construction1679 Words   |  7 PagesAlisha Sparks Dr. Stanley POLS 24 November 2015 Race as a Social Construction When we talk about race, what are we really talking about? The issue of race is a complex issue, with socially ambiguous undertones that have plagued our society for decades. Race has been a marker and maker of stereotypes. Race has been used as a justification for injustice. Whether slavery, Japanese internment, or social and economic exclusion, race has given an avenue for those in power to exclude ones deemed ‘other’Read MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1242 Words   |  5 Pagesfoundation for what appears to be the social construction of race. Somewhere along the lines, eugenics became more about isolating certain human characteristics, like skin color, and relegating them to a hierarchy of societal importance (Norrgard, 2008). Race is simply defined as a pattern-based concept that allows for the general public to draw conclusions based on an individual’s geographical location and thereby predetermining their inclusion into a particular social group (Yudel l, et al., 2016) TheRead MoreRace As A Social Construction822 Words   |  4 Pageswhat is race? The term race is difficult to define as a result of the belief that it is â€Å"racist† to talk about race. Although how do we know what race is if we do not discuss it within society. After much thought I defined race as an individual’s background that may be used to describe their ancestor’s demographics as well as their religion. However, today people tend to put more emphasis on race being the color of an individual’s skin. As discussed in class society does not understand what race is,Read MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1743 Words   |  7 PagesIn The Social Construction of Race, Ian F. Haney Lopez defines race as a social construct that is constantly changing its meaning due to the fickle nature of society. Lopez believes that this fickleness stems from a social climate formed by a variety of factors such as human economic interest, current events , and ideology. There are certain racial definitions however, that have remained mostly the same despite efforts to bring attention to the offensiveness and immorality of such discriminatory thinkingRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1638 Words   |  7 Pagesstupid immoral, diseased, lazy, incompetent, and dangerous to the white man’s virtue and social order â€Å"(p.181). Blackness have become objectified in public spaces, they are view as a threat on the street of Toronto, surrounding areas and even in the criminal justice system. In fact this negative stereotype of criminalization have put Black males under scrutiny and constant surveillance. The social construction of race by the dominant belief system are still embedded in society that capitalized on minoritiesRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Race2146 Words   |  9 PagesAbadjivor AFAS 304B Professor Machibya 30 March 2015 The Social Construction of Race The underlying characteristic of race concepts is found in its use of phenotypes and physical differences in order to gain an understanding of why there are different people that exist in the world. These differences have been used in understanding the behaviors, intellect, and the value of humans through connecting different characteristics to different classified races. Using phenotypical differences to understand certainRead MoreRace As A Social Construction966 Words   |  4 PagesRace is a concept only existing in societies with systems of oppression based on social racism. In chapter eleven: Inequality, they discuss how, â€Å"There is nothing intrinsic about, for example, any racial or ethnic group that makes it distinct from any other; race and ethnicity are dynamic, fluid categories that are socially defined†(Ritzer). The oppression of â€Å"superior† groups demonstrates on â€Å"inferior† groups is one consequence of race as a social construction, whic h is to have one’s identity reducedRead MoreRace Is A Social Construction1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe term â€Å"race† should not be used. Scholars and others argue that the term â€Å"race† should not be used because there is no biological basis for the concept of race. Geneticists have determined that code for physical traits (the key distinguishing characteristic for â€Å"race†) are inherited independently of one another. Any attempts there have been to define race based on genes are futile, because there is no set of genes that everyone within the â€Å"race† has. Scholars argue that race is a social constructionRead MoreSocial Construction of Race1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe Use of Humor to Poke Fun at the Social Construction of Class: Illustrated in the Film The Jerk through Navin Johnson Money does not last forever. All the money in the world can become the reason why people change their personality and behavior. In the film The Jerk by Carl Reiner, a complete moron struggles to make it through life on his own, until a bizarre invention makes him unbelievably a wealthy man. Navin grew up in Mississippi as an adopted son of a black family, but on his birthday

Quality Measures Are An Instrument For Evaluating Perceptions

Quality Measures otherwise called CQM s are an instrument for evaluating perceptions, medications, procedures, encounters, as well as results of patient consideration. At the end of the day, CQM s survey the extent to which a supplier capability securely conveys clinical administrations that are proper for the patient in an ideal time period which is a prerequisite as a component of significant use necessities for the Medicare and Medicaid Electronic Health Record motivating force programs. According to Medicare.gov, (n.d.), quality measures demonstrate how frequently patients who are hospitalized for specific conditions experience difficult issues not long after they are released. Thus, Hospital Compare was made through the†¦show more content†¦In an effort to see quality measures at work, data from hospital compare is analyzed to compare three local hospitals to see how they measure up against one another. New Hanover Regional Medical Center New Hanover Regional Medical Center (NHRMC) is a 3-star Acute Care hospital that offers emergency services, Cardiac surgery, Nursing Care, and General surgery registries. NHRMC is able to receive lab results electronically, as well as track patient’s lab results, tests and referrals electronically between visits. Lastly, NHRMC uses both the Inpatient/Outpatient Safe Surgery Checklists (Hospital Compare, n.d.). NHRMC scores are on average according to Hospital Compare, since 3-stars is an average rating for hospitals. However, when looking closer NHRMC scores below the National average on Mortality, Safety of Care, and Timeliness of Care. While scoring above National Average on Readmission, Patient Experience, Effectiveness of Care, and Efficient Use of Medical Imaging. The volume of patients served at NHRMC is very high. The time patients spend in the Emergency room before being admitted as an inpatient is 329 minutes, 344 minutes’ national average and 318 minutes for North Carolina average. After the doctor decides to admit, the patient can wait on average an additional 154 minutes, 134

Human Resource Management ( Hrm ) - 1142 Words

he HRM Process Human Resource Management (HRM) is a combination of elements that work interdependently on each other to carry out the daily functions within an organization. Human Resources Management operates in several roles serving as a liaison between the organization and the employee. This dual role often present challenges within HRM; therefore it is vital the HRM Department is skilled on various issues that may arise on a daily basis within an organization. In this paper, I will discuss the role of Human Resource Management and the value the HRM Department adds to a team. Moreover, I will confer various duties, and task required b HRM and how they contribute to the efficacy of an organization and employee performance to†¦show more content†¦An additional role of HRM is preparing compensation and benefits packages that are attractive to qualified candidates while remaining within the limits of the organization s budget. Human Resource Management are mandated to uph old regulations that support health and safety, and they must cultivate an atmosphere where employees feel safe. Moreover, HRM must establish safety systems and report job-related injuries immediately. In many organizations, especially in production, manufacturing, warehousing, or offshoring employment, the HRM Department may be required to interact with Union Workers regarding various issues; hence HRM must be knowledgeable of these practices and procedures. Albeit, Human Resource Management processes necessitate abundant insight, planning, and collaboration, I will describe eight processes of HRM. As we discussed earlier the HRM process includes strategic planning which is the observation and evaluation period, during this level of the HR process, HRM will evaluate the needs of the organization internally and externally including opportunities for competitive advantages and potential threats. The second phase of the HR process consists of job analysis and job design. This process critiques current positions and analyses to adjust further. Job analyzation is used for restructuring, candidate selection, performance reviews, training, and compensation and wageShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1508 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Human resource management (HRM) is the managing of human skills and talents to make sure they are used effectively and in alignment with an organization’s goals† (Youssef, 2012). The primary role of human resource management is to plan, develop, and order policies and programmers designed to make prompt use of an organization’s human resources. It is that part of management which is concerned with the people at work and with their relationship within an organization. I currently work for a HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1552 Words   |  7 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest of the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1562 Words   |  7 PagesHuman resource management (HRM) is an important strategic and systematic approach that provides each company with the opportunity to create policies and practices, as well as to establish administrative forms (Pfeffer, 2007). According to Armstrong (2009) HRM is an approach that deals with ‘employment, development, and well-being of the people working in organizations’. However HRM has evolved significantly through the years due to the rapid social, economic, polit ical and environmental changes.Read MoreHuman Resource Management : Hrm772 Words   |  4 Pagesa brief description of the models of HRM discussed in the first chapter of the textbook, and explain how each one relates to strategic human resource management. Human Resource Management (HRM) at its best seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Social output resulting from providing opportunity for advancement will ultimately make employees become true participants in the company. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models, they are: the Forbrum, TichyRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1105 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) is the function within an association that has emphases on the employment of, administration of, and providing direction for the employees within an organization. The Human Resource Management department members deliver knowledge, training, tools, administrative services, and lawful and organization advice. The HRM department is organized by very talented managers who has a mission to make sure the rest of the business has the needs for successful operation. HumanRead MoreHrm And The And Human Resource Management1094 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction The main purpose to write this essay is to analogize the differences in the field of HRM and IR. The Foundation of Industrial Relations and Human Resource Management is based on intense academic study. The essay is an endeavor to illustrate by scrutinizing their objectives and the viewpoints or the approaches of this field. The first part of the essay is an attempt to define HRM and IR and it further continues to explain the differences and similarities between the two. In the lastRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )1405 Words   |  6 PagesHuman Resource Management (HRM) seeks to manage people and resources to maximize economic and social outputs. Bratton and Gold (2012) outline six HRM models which include: the Forbrum, Tichy and Devanna model, the Harvard model, the Guest model, the Warwick model, The Storey model, and Ulrich’s Strategic Partner model of HRM. Forbrum Tichy and Devanna model of HRM is based on the principle of selecting, appraising, developing and rewarding employees who fulfill management strategic business interestsRead MoreHuman Resource Management ( Hrm )2412 Words   |  10 Pages these human traits can bring considerable benefits to organizations† (Mullins 1999). However, when managed poorly they have the potential to limit organizational growth and threaten the viability of a business. â€Å"There are countless examples of corporate and project crises in the construction sector which have arisen as the result of people s behaviour, and it would seem that human resource management (HRM) has the potential to eliminate more construction risks than any other management approach†Read MoreHuman Resources Management ( Hrm ) Essay794 Words   |  4 Pages Human Resources Management (HRM) is people who work in an organization. The manager is a person who manages people, leads, facilitates and provide tools for the organization. Human resources management also, sets strategic processes and procedures, run difficult and complex communication as the organization attracts the best talents from the recruiting process. Human resources management is where everything begins and ends for an individual and the organization. ConsequentlyRead MoreHuman Resources Management ( Hrm )1229 Words   |  5 Pages Human Resources Management (HRM) is people who work in an organization. The manager is a person who manages people, leads, facilitates and provide tools for the organization. HRM sets strategic processes and procedures, run difficult and complex communication as the organization attracts the best talents from the recruiting process. Human resources management is where everything begins and ends for an individual and the organization. Meaning, it’s where total processes are created for the

Hobbes Vs Rousseau Free Essays

Thomas Hobbes’ imagined â€Å"state of nature† is full of â€Å"masterless men† (p. 140). Jean Jacque Rousseau’s imagined â€Å"state of nature† is full of radically independent, solitary individuals who are innocent of good and evil. We will write a custom essay sample on Hobbes Vs Rousseau or any similar topic only for you Order Now How does Hobbes come to that conclusion about man in the state of nature? On what kinds of evidence does he rely? How does Rousseau come to his conclusion about individuals in the state of nature. On what kind of arguments does he rely? Compare and contrast their imagined states of nature making sure you reference the evidence they draw upon to build heir argument. It is important to remember when relating Hobbes and Rousseau and their ideas of the natural state that they are not speaking of the same thing. Hobbes defines the state of nature as the time when men lived without a common power. Men would constantly be at war with each other, and the elements around them. There would be no laws or authority and without them, men would believe that everything is theirs. It is very similar to the mindset of a child. Children are not born with a natural inclination to share. That is something that parents must teach them as they grow. Greed is naturally instilled in men and because of this men have been fighting and violent even before societies were developed. Men were fghting, stealing, and murdering each other for survival. Rousseau argues with Hobbes. Rousseau describes a hypothetical time when society did not exist and men only acted on their natural instincts which were peaceful and timid. Men would not have any sense of right and wrong because they had not been molded by societys standards yet. Hobbes states that in the state of nature men would be fearful and greedy and because of this it was necessary for societies to exist. Humans need protection from each other because instinctually we are violent and pose a threat to others. Men naturally crave property and self-preservation and in this environment peace is not possible. When men come together to form societies social contracts are necessary to guarantee the protection of rights of each man. Once a social contract is established man gave his rights over to the sovereign. A social contract is an understanding in which multiple individuals come together and give their rights to one man. Once the individuals give their rights over them become one sovereign. The rights and rotection of a single individual is no longer important; only the protection of the sovereign as a whole. This is when men could begin to live their lives without fear. Once order was imparted on the people or a society they would live in harmony with each or be forced to leave. If this occurs that individual would no longer be under the protection of the sovereign. Hobbes believes that there are three principles that cause violence: competition, glory, and difference. If one man sees another with an item that he craves competition will take over and he will take the item using force or other means. Glory drives a man to be superior. Without a firm authority established one will be driven to be the most powerful. Rousseau disagrees with Hobbes and insists that in the state of nature the only factor is survival. In this case I believe that Hobbes is thinking too much from a society stand point and he is also contradicting himselt. Society molds us into competing tor glory. In the state ot nature this would not be the case. Hobbes and Rousseau both agree that in the state of nature reason and inequality do not exist yet and it would not be possible for man to understand that he should be more powerful than another. If inequality does not exist then it ould not be possible for one man to be more powerful then another. In Rousseau’s natural state men are solitary, timid, and greed doesn’t exist because society has not corrupted their innocence yet. Rousseau believes that human nature is inherently good and it wasn’t until societies began to establish that human’s instincts became corrupted. When man is in its natural state they are solitary and have no sense of ownership over anything. They struggle with their environment and their natural conditions. Individuals are looking out for themselves and self- preservation is guiding them, Just as in Hobbes natural state, however Rousseau says here is no violence between them. Rousseau compares man to animals by saying man needs to satisfy their physical needs for survival, however we have a natural repugnance for seeing others in pain. Because of this we would never harm another person for our own selfish desires. Language does not exist yet because people are solitary and keep to themselves. Because of this reason does not exist. Without reason there is no Jealously, inequality, or other negative emotions that lead to violence. This seems too optimistic to be accurate. Compassion would exist to an extent but self-preservation will always be more of a priority. If a man has to cause pain to another because there are limited resources then so be it. For example, let’s say it was winter and a man found a small cave. There was already someone else in there and it was only big enough to fit one. Rousseau believes that since men have no sense of ownership, and are solitary creatures that one would simply leave because they don’t have to reasoning to think, â€Å"l was here first, so it is mine. † Hobbes would say that men are violent and greedy and in this situation violence would occur. Men are born with a natural instinct to survive and because of this both men would fght over shelter. Humans would not do harm Just to be â€Å"evil† because good and evil would not exist yet. Once families started to form humans had more time to do other activities and with this came reason and inequality. Rousseau gives the example of a dance around a fire. One man will look at another and see that this man is bigger than another and reason would lead him to believe that one must be better than the other. Once inequality is established man has a need to be more powerful then another. Another factor that leads to inequality is the ownership of land. Rousseau states, â€Å"The first man who, having fenced in a piece of land, said â€Å"This is mine,† and ound people naive enough to believe him, that man was the true founder of civil society. From how many crimes, wars, and murders, from how many horrors and misfortunes might not any one have saved mankind, by pulling up the stakes, or filling up the ditch, and crying to his fellows: Beware of listening to this impostor; you are undone if you once forget that the fruits of the earth belong to us all, and the earth itself to nobody. † Once man owns land and inequality has set in men will become greedy and want more believing that owning land is a symbol of power. Man ill begin to want more wealth and glory and this is when violence starts. The natural instincts of being solitary and peaceful have been corrupted by the society and humans have now been molded into greedy power hungry people. Rousseau states, â€Å"l must make everyone see that bonds ot servitude are tormed trom the mutual dependence of men. It is impossible to slave a man without first putting him in the positions of being unable to do without another person. Rousseau believes that when men live alone they cannot be corrupted because they rely on no one but themselves for survival. Once men come together and form families and societies they become enslaved by dependence into that society. After looking at both ideas I believe that Hobbes is not most accurate in his thinking. Rousseau has an optimistic, humanist way of looking at men, but I believe that it doesn’t matter how far back in history one goes, men were always violent, greedy, fearful creatures. Just because reason didn’t exist does not mean that men wouldn’t have a wanting for resources that weren’t theirs. Men may not have been able to reason why they wanted something, but the greed was still there. Society and social contracts did not cause or mold our greediness, and violence like Rousseau believes. Those instincts were instilled in men from the beginning as a way of survival. It is impossible to have any absolute truth over who is right in this argument. Once man has been civilized the effects cannot be reversed. We would never be able to go back to the state of nature and this is why the debate is still continuing today. Nature vs. nurture is a topic that is debated today because it is impossible to know for sure what is instinct and what has been molded by our society. How to cite Hobbes Vs Rousseau, Papers

Participants Including Board Of Directors †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Participants Including Board Of Directors? Answer: Introducation Corporate governance may be defined as the procedure by which a corporation is governed. It is the interaction between all the participants including the board of directors, shareholders and the management of the company in influencing the performance of the company and striking a balance between the societal and individual goals as well as social and economic goals. A common objective of any organization is to establish an effective governance framework that fulfils the needs of the individual circumstances which enhances the organizational performance while acting in compliance with the constitution, policies, procedures and the external laws and regulations applicable to the company[1]. The ASX Corporate Governance Council has introduced Principles and recommendations with respect to corporate governance, which would enable the listed entities on the ASX to boost up the confidence of the investors. The implementations of the recommendations with respect to good corporate governance shall enable the listed entities to fulfill the reasonable expectations of the investors. The basis for these Principles and recommendations is based on the if not, why not approach[2]. It implies that if the board of directors of the listed entity that a recommendation made by the Council is not appropriate and it does not adopt it, it is required to provide an appropriate explanation for not adopting such recommendation that is, if not, why not approach. According to Principle 7 of the Corporate Governance, a listed entity is required to establish a risk management framework to identify the risks associated with the business activities carried out by the organization and to mitigate suc h risks immediately, thus, ensuring the business activities are carried out diligently and appropriately[3]. In the given scenario, the first issue that arises is to determine whether Ardent Leisure recognized and managed the risk that arose from the Dreamworld incident[4]. As mentioned above that principle 7 of the corporate governance recommendations made by the ASX, a corporation is required to identify the risks and mitigate such risks to ensure a good corporate governance practice. In case the Board of listed entitles is unable to recognize the risks and resolve the same, the participants of the company, that is, the shareholders, employees, consumer and the society shall suffer loss and such failure shall also affect the reputation and goodwill of the company as well. The ASX has recommended that the listed entities should establish one committee that would be responsible for recognizing the risks and mitigate it before it affects the participants of the company and the company altogether. The members of such committee shall include minimum three directors who shall be entitled to carry out their business activities independently without any interference[5]. The recommendations made by ASX with respect to the risk management strategies, also requires the company to review the activities of the risk management committee for ensuring the efficacy of the committee[6]. The board of the listed entities must ensure that the role and structure of the internal audit functions must be disclosed. The company must disclose environmental, social and economical risks and the structure that is adopted by the company for the dealing with such risks. In the given scenario, the company Ardent leisure has suffered losses due to the accident that took place in DremaWorld, which claimed lives of many patrons. The accident took place due to a technical failure in the rides of the Dream world Leisure Park. It is the responsible of an organization, especially, those which deals with leisure parks to arrange effective safety measures that deal with the any accidents that takes place[7]. However, it is apparent from the case scenario that the company Ardent leisure did not establish any the risk management committee that would recognize risks and mitigate them. Consequently, the company failed to deal with the post accident circumstances and had been subjected to severe criticism. If the common law principles are applied, the occupier of the premises shall be liable for any harm that takes place within the premises. Similarly, it can be said that Ardent shall be liable for the accident that occurred in the Dream world Park and in the absence of an appropriate risk management framework; the company failed to the deal with the post accident circumstances and mitigate the risks effectively[8]. If the company had risk management framework to recognize and mitigate the risks, it would have been able to address the risks in a more appropriate manner. Therefore, it is evident that the directors of the Ardent leisure failed to recognize the risk and mitigate them. The second issue requires determining whether the company had infringed principle 7 of the corporate governance and whether ASX is entitled to take disciplinary action against the directors for failing to recognize and manage the risk. Principle 7 of the corporate governance requires the listed entities to recognize the risks associated with the business activities carried out by the organization and mitigate such risks[9]. The company could have established a crisis management team for the purpose of initiating effective measures after the occurrence of the accident in the Dream world theme park. The principal 7 also required the company to disclose social, environment and economical risks but the company failed to comply with this provision, which questioned the accountability of the company. If the company had made such disclosures, it could have enabled the company to mitigate the risks and effectively deal with the post accident circumstances in the Dream World theme park. Hence, it is established that the company had failed to comply with the provisions stipulated by the ASX with respect to the corporate governance[10]. The consequences suffered by the company includes the decline in the high level competitiveness and portrayed the poor performance of the company due to the infringement of the company of the provisions relating to risk management stipulated by the Principal 7 of the Corporate governance recommended by ASX[11]. The failure of the company to establish a risk management framework within the corporation, have led the company to suffer financial loss as well as reputational loss due to the accident that took place in the Dream World and this conduct of the company denotes that the company had failed to act in the best interest of the company. The absence of a risks management framework criticizes the accountability of the boards and discourages the investors to invest in the company. The ASX is authorized to initiate enforcement actions. The ASX has recommended the if not, why not approach that should be practiced by the listed entities as it would enable the organization to give proper reasons for not adopting any recommendation made by the ASX[12]. As per the assets appeals and enforcement rule book, any corporation that violates the stipulated provisions of the Austra Care regulations and the operating rules that is applicable to all the corporations shall be subjected to a penalty of $250000 and a penalty of $100000 for committing a breach. Hence, in the given circumstances, Ardent leisure Pty Ltd is entitled to the civil penalties and the directors are entitled to be disqualified. The third issue arising out of the Dream world incident is relating to the breach of directorial duties under section 180 of the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) and whether the harm suffered by the company is sufficient. According to section 180 of the CA 2001 (Cth), a director of an organization is obligated to discharge its duties with due care and diligence and ensure that the acts or omissions of the directors must be in the best interests of the company. The level of care and diligence to be exercised by the directors of a company must be such that any prudent person in the position of the director shall exercise same level of care and diligence while performing its obligations. In case of an infringement of section 180 of the Corporation Act 2001 (Cth), the directors shall be imposed with civil penalties under section 1317 of the Act. The directors must make decisions in good faith and for a proper purpose[13]. In Australian Securities and Investment Commission (ASIC) v Cassimatis (No. 8) [2016] FCA 1023, and in ASIC v Mariner Corp (2015) 327 ALR 95 at [444], the court held that the company has committed a violation of section 180 of the CA 2001 as their actions were inconsistent and not in the best interest of the company. No reasonable person would have acted in the same manner under similar circumstances. According to the principles of corporate governance and recommendation made by the ASX, the board of listed entities is required to the act with due care and diligence while performing their obligations. However, Ardent failed to comply with the provision, as it did not exercise due care and diligence post the Dream World accident. Further, any reasonable person in the same position would not have acted in the same manner; hence, the directors are liable to civil penalties under section 1317 apart from the financial and reputational loss suffered by the company. The fourth issue arising out of the given scenario is to determine whether the company conducted a review and attempted to improve the effectiveness of the risk management framework of the company. After the Dream World incident, several reports have revealed that since the goal of the company was to become a global leader in the field of Entertainment, it had focused in the procedures that would enable the company to achieve that goal. As a result, the company had failed to focus of the corporate governance principles that required the company to ensure that apart from the realization of individual goals, it must strive to fulfill the social, economic and the goals of the participants of the company. The company failed to comply with the principles and recommendations made by the ASX with respect to the establishment of risks management committee to recognize the risks and mitigate the risks. In the absence of a risk management framework, the company failed to deal with the post accident circumstances[14]. Although the company provided condolences to the family of the deceased the and expressed its disappointment, it persisted to give explanations about how the age old policies of the company have served it right since its inception and have led the company to become one of the leading companies in the field of global entertainment. After the incident in the Dream World, the shares of the Ardent Leisure had fallen steeply, the company had suffered financial loss of 49.4 million, and the ride that led to the accident was stopped. The Dream World park was closed for 45 days and the company also confessed that it had failed to implement effective safety measures owing to the absence of a risks management framework within the corporation. The company confessed that it failed to take reasonable steps within 48 hours after the incident had taken place[15]. Due to severe criticisms with respect to the failure of the company to initiate reasonable steps for ensuring the safety of the patrons, the CEO of the company resigned and the company continues to give explanations why they have failed to initiate reasonable steps. However, the company has initiated review processes for ensuring safety regarding the operation of the rides. The ride that caused the accident was permanently closed and the company has been engaged in developing policies in association with the private sector and is establishing a crisis management committee[16]. The organization is also developing an outcome process within the organization which were ignored by the company and if these measures were applied prior, the company would have been able to deal with the circumstances after the accident in the Dream World had taken place or could have averted the occurrence of the incident altogether. The company persisted to stress upon the fact that the policies of the organization are adequate as it has enable the organization to effectively deal with the risks till present and that it has made the company achieve its goals of becoming a global leader in the Entertainment market. Reference List ABC (2017) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-26/ardent-leisure-ceo-to-stand-down.../8472304. Booth, Simon A.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge, 2015. Corporation act 2001 (cth) section 180 Council, ASX Corporate Governance, and A. S. Exchange. "Corporate governance principles and recommendations . ASX Corporate Governance Council." (2014). Davenport, Shayne, and David Parker. Business and law in Australia. Law book Co, 2012. Fitzpatrick, Jeff, et al. Business and corporations law. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011. Graw, Stephen, et al. Understanding business law. 2016. Jones, Greg, Claire Beattie, and Afzalur Rashid. 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[2] ABC (2017) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-26/ardent-leisure-ceo-to-stand-down.../8472304. [3] Council, ASX Corporate Governance, and A. S. Exchange. "Corporate governance principles and recommendations . ASX Corporate Governance Council." (2014). [4] The Guardian. (2017) https://www.theguardian.com World Australia Dreamworld. [5] Mann, Catherine Renshaw, et al. "From the dean." (2016). [6] Fitzpatrick, Jeff, et al. Business and corporations law. LexisNexis Butterworths, 2011. [7] Tricker, RI Bob, and Robert Ian Tricker. Corporate governance: Principles, policies, and practices. Oxford University Press, USA, 2015. [8] Mann, Catherine Renshaw, et al. "From the dean." (2016). [9] Jones, Greg, Claire Beattie, and Afzalur Rashid. "Editorial Special Issue on Corporate Governance." Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal 11.1 (2017): 1-2. [10] ABC (2017) https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-26/ardent-leisure-ceo-to-stand-down.../8472304. [11] Booth, Simon A. Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge, 2015. [12] Graw, Stephen, et al. Understanding business law. 2016. [13] Corporation act 2001 (cth) section 180. [14] Davenport, Shayne, and David Parker. Business and law in Australia. Law book Co, 2012. [15] The Guardian. (2017) https://www.theguardian.com World Australia Dreamworld. [16] Whiting, Rosalind H., and Georgia Y. Birch. "Corporate governance and intellectual capital disclosure." Corporate Ownership and Control 13 (2016): 250-260.