Psychology Fundamentals for Major Depressive- myassignmenthelp

Lecture Notes For Never Events Required of The CMS Reimbursement Rules

Questions: 1. Helen Thomson who is likewise a medical caretaker, and examine the significance of their job as backer for improving medicinal services conveyance. What explicit bill(s) have they supported or upheld that has/have affected human services? 2. Talk about how the CMS repayment rules for never occasions required a move in the patient consideration conveyance model in inpatient offices. Answers: 1. Helen Thomson, RN who is a medical attendant by calling fills in as a delegate in the California State Assembly. The connection between an attendant and legislative issues glances ambiguous however in actuality, medical caretakers are fit for speaking to the whole human services division in the United States of America. The enactment passes numerous laws, which influence the everyday daily schedule, and practices of a medical attendant, which may influence the nursing practice and the whole social insurance part contrarily if its not considered according to a perspective of an individual serving the business. Helen Thomson expresses that medical attendants have different authority characteristics, which are not typically perceived, this quality makes them a decent contender for different open office. Medical caretakers have a great deal of involvement with working under difficult circumstances; have brilliant relational abilities and involvement with working with families, which m akes them truly reasonable for governmental issues (Ressler Glazer, 2010). Helen Thomson was enrolled as a medical caretaker in the United States of America in 1961 and was chosen as a delegate in the enactment in the year 1996. After her portrayal in the enactment, she has endeavored to correct enactments on working state of the medical caretakers and to widen the medicinal services area with respect to nursing care. Helen has likewise roused nurture everywhere throughout the United States of America to approach and talk pretty much all the issues the nursing framework in the United States of America faces. Helen Thomson presented a Bill in the enactment to permit benefits to for medical attendants in Pennsylvania alongside this Helen Thomson is chipping away at a bill which will present the informant assurance though medical attendants and wellbeing couldn't care less experts in the United States of America (Aiken et al., 2010). Helen Thomsons exertion got an upheaval the working states of the nursing administrations in the United States of America. The said bill is hanging tight for its last endorsement under the steady gaze of it turns into a law. After the presenting of the said law, Helen Thomsons work will without a doubt be doubtlessly be useful in improving the working states of the medical caretakers in United States of America. 2. Never occasions are serious and preventable patient security circumstances that can be kept from event if the accessible preventable consideration and measures are executed. Never occasions incorporate wrong side medical procedure, illegitimate after consideration administrations, and so on. The Nurses working in the United States of America have a significant task to carry out to forestall the never occasions. Human services habitats and emergency clinics increment the quantity of medical caretakers, which consequently improves the nature of social insurance and decreases the episodes of never occasions. Nonetheless, the term never occasions is an exceptionally negative term which influences a patient and the human services experts physiologically (Castle Ferguson, 2010). In this manner, the said term never occasions should be changed to make it generally occasions, which will make the negative term sound positive and cheerful. This approach can be actualized by various endeavors like divulgence of symptoms and straightforwardness arrangements with patient and families, ensured after consideration offices, drug blunder decrease methods and obligatory readback for high-ready medicine. The presentation of these arrangements in enactment in the United States of America will pull in a positive long haul approach in the segment of human services and patient security, which can be passed to the up and coming age of medicinal services experts. In this way the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) proposes to receive a consistently occasions approach and let go of the never occasion approach in the social insurance area in United States of America (Kuo et al., 2013). Reference List Aiken, L. H., Sloane, D. M., Cimiotti, J. P., Clarke, S. P., Flynn, L., Seago, J. A., ... Smith, H. L. (2010). Ramifications of the California nurture staffing order for other states.Health administrations research,45(4), 904-921. Château, N. G., Ferguson, J. C. (2010). What is nursing home quality and how is it measured?.The Gerontologist,50(4), 426-442. Kuo, Y. F., Loresto, F. L., Rounds, L. R., Goodwin, J. S. (2013). States with the least prohibitive guidelines encountered the biggest increment in patients seen by nurture practitioners.Health Affairs,32(7), 1236-1243. Ressler, P., Glazer, G. (2010). Administrative: Nursings commitment in wellbeing strategy and human services through social media.OJIN: The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing,16(1), 1-5.

How Therapeutic Massage Can Help Ease Anxiety

How Therapeutic Massage Can Help Ease Anxiety Panic Disorder Treatment Print Therapeutic Massage for Anxiety and Panic Disorder By Katharina Star, PhD facebook linkedin Katharina Star, PhD, is an expert on anxiety and panic disorder. Dr. Star is a professional counselor, and she is trained in creative art therapies and mindfulness. Learn about our editorial policy Katharina Star, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on December 08, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD on December 08, 2019 Peopleimages/Getty Images More in Panic Disorder Treatment Symptoms Diagnosis Coping Related Conditions Complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) are unconventional types of products and practices that are being used to treat a variety of medical and mental health conditions.?? Over the past several years, CAM practices have grown in popularity and are often used in combination with more traditional medical practices. Some common CAM practices include acupuncture, yoga, and aromatherapy. Massage therapy is another type of CAM practice that is often used to treat muscle pain, injury, and stiffness. Massage therapy has more recently been used for the treatment of mental and emotional problems, including stress, anxiety, and depression.?? Also considered a relaxation technique, massage therapy may be able to help reduce tension and elicit feelings of calm and deep relaxation. Additionally, massage may be able to curb feelings of fear and anxiety, plus assist in managing other panic disorder symptoms.?? What Is Massage Therapy? Massage therapy involves manipulating the muscles by kneading, rubbing, pressing, or patting different muscle groups. Massage therapists use their hands and massage oils to work through various groups of muscles.?? Some massage therapists will also include aromatherapy oils and tranquil music to help create a peaceful and deeply relaxing experience. There are many different kinds of massage offered by massage therapists. Depending on the style, massages often vary in pressure and muscle group focus. Some of the most common types of massage include: Swedish Massage: This is the most popular type of massage and is meant to help relax the body and mind. It involves a total body massage where a person lies on the  massage table while the massage therapist slowly works through different muscle groups. Swedish massage also helps circulate blood flow, relieve mental stress, and reduce muscle pain and tension. Deep tissue: This kind of massage is similar to Swedish massage. However, the massage therapist uses more pressure and intensity when working through the muscles. Deep tissue massage is aimed at releasing tense and painful muscle knots that are often associated with physical discomfort, stress, and headaches. Sports Massage: Often used by athletes, sports massage is used to assist in athletic training. This type of massage is focused on preparing muscles for intense training. Additionally, sports massage is used to help the muscles recover after intense performance or injury. Shiatsu: Frequently referred to as acupressure, Shiatsu is a form of massage that is similar to acupuncture. Shiatsu originated in Japan and means “finger pressure.” Instead of using needles like acupuncture, the practitioner uses their fingers on pressure points. Pushing these points are thought to help release energy and restore balance back to the body and mind. How Massage Therapy Can Help Ease Anxiety and Panic Disorder Symptoms Massage therapy can help the body relax, which in turn can help one let go of anxious and fearful thoughts. Massage can relieve muscle pain and tension, improve circulation, and increase flexibility. As a relaxation technique, massage therapy can work to manage the fight-or-flight response, or stress reaction, that is typically overactive among people with anxiety disorders.?? The fight-or-flight reaction is responsible for causing fearful thoughts and reactions that often far outweigh any actual threat in the environment. For example, people with agoraphobia often fear having a panic attack in a large crowd or confined areas where it would feel embarrassing or difficult to escape. The fight-or-flight reaction typically leads to uncomfortable physical symptoms, such as shortness of breath, accelerated heart rate, excessive sweating, and chest pain. Massage therapy can have an opposing effect on the body by eliciting the relaxation response, reducing tension, lowering heart rate, and generally making a person feel calmer.?? Physical Benefits of Massage Less muscle pain and tension Improved circulation and flexibility Lower heart rate Mental Benefits of Massage Less anxious thoughts Tamed fight-or-flight response Lower tension and more feelings of calm Getting Started with Massage Therapy Massage therapy is often offered at many spas, salons, and wellness centers. However, as it continues to become a more mainstream treatment option, massage is now offered at many hospitals and clinics. Some insurance companies may even cover massage therapy services. When meeting with your massage therapist for the first time, make sure to discuss your medical history, including your panic and anxiety symptoms. It is important to schedule these services with a licensed or certified massage therapist. This ensures that you will get treatment from a qualified practitioner who has followed the standards and requirements for their state licensure.?? Licensed massage therapists can be found through website directories, including the National Certification Board for Therapeutic Massage Bodywork and the American Massage Therapy Association. Let the massage therapist know if you have any areas of discomfort throughout your body. Also discuss what you hope to get out of the massage, such as muscle or stress relief. Generally, massage therapy only has a few potentially adverse side effects. Many people experience some soreness throughout their body the first few days following a massage.?? However, you should never feel pain or discomfort during or after a massage. Massage is also contraindicated for certain medical conditions. Always consult your doctor before getting a massage if you are unsure if its right for you. Studies have supported the safety and effectiveness of utilizing massage therapy for stress, anxiety, and depressionâ€"but if you are experiencing panic attacks and other symptoms of panic disorder, talk to your doctor before trying this and other CAM practices. Your doctor will be able to assist you with conventional treatment options, such as medication and therapy. Massage may be beneficial in helping you manage your condition  but is not a substitute for traditional medical care.?? Massage therapy may be incorporated into your standard treatment plan to assist you in coping with panic disorder. The 7 Best Online Anxiety Support Groups of 2020

The American Dream - 823 Words

Many people have different ideas of what the American Dream is and what it takes to make it a reality. The most common and the most accurate idea of the American Dream is for all to have the opportunity to have a chance at living a nice life. This includes all immigrants and anyone else who seems to lack better opportunities often. The American Dream is the belief that anyone, regardless of race, class, gender, or nationality, can be successful in America (read:rich) if they just work hard enough (Wulick). The American Dream is also influenced by those that have money and are successful. These people are looked up to as a goal when it comes to a better life. The American dream also includes overall happiness that stems from a†¦show more content†¦The slightest improvement within their life is better than nothing at all. It gives hope to others that are considering pursuing the American Dream. It is a continuous support system that helps everyone trying to better their lives. It depends on the circumstances, when it comes to whether or not the American Dream is achievable to everyone. It also depends on the environment that the person pursuing the American Dream is in. The American dream is attainable, it just isnt the American dream one is taught to pursue at an early age(Is the American Dream Attainable). Pursuing the American dream has become more common, which has made it more competitive. Improving one of the main factors of the American Dream, which is education, is more expensive now as well. The American Dream does not mean achieving success quickly or gaining a great amount of money easily. It means that a better life is possible with hard work and dedication. It is attainable with hope and determination. The main and most common obstacles include racism and struggles with the economy and finances. Preconceived notions of the character and work ethic of those trying to pursue the American Dream is an issue. The stereotypical idea that they cannot keep a steady job is an issue as well. Even though the rumors and ideas are false, some still believe there are no obstacles. There areShow MoreRelatedImmigrants And The American Dream1362 Words   |  6 PagesImmigrants and the American Dream In the article â€Å"The American Dream†, by James Truslow Adams in The Sundance Reader book, he stated that the American dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown weary and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of motor cars and highRead MoreThe American Dream By Kimberly Amadeo1637 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, a large number of people migrate to the United States to work and achieve the American Dream. According to the Article â€Å"What is the American Dream?† by Kimberly Amadeo, â€Å"The American Dream was first publicly defined in 1931 by James Truslow Adams in Epic of America. Adam’s often-repeated quote is, ‘The American Dream is that dream of land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyon e, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement.’† There are many peopleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The American Dream 754 Words   |  4 Pages Nyreel Powell Ms. Jones American Literature 1 June 2015 The American dream in A Raisin in the Sun Have you ever had a dream and it didn’t come how you wanted it to be? Have you ever had accomplishments that you wanted to achieve but people were getting in the way of them? The four main characters in this book all have good dreams but there are people in the way of getting to those dreams or their dream is too high to accomplish. A Raisin in the Sun a play written by Lorraine Hansberry, andRead MoreSister Carrie and the American Dream1618 Words   |  7 PagesThe American Dream is surely based on the concept of â€Å"Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness† but it is above all, a matter of ambition. James Truslow Adams, an American writer and historian, in 1931 states: life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement†, which not only points towards a better standard of living for Americans but also denounces a degree of greed in the US society. Ambition not only â€Å"killed the catâ₠¬  butRead MoreGrapes Of Wrath And The American Dream1644 Words   |  7 PagesThe idea of the American Dream is ever changing depending on the person and the time of life that person is in. Although the main ideas of the American Dream remain the same to be educated, economically sound, healthy, to have a family, and equal rights. Many great films and works of literature were created to show case all the different ideas people have for their American Dream. The film â€Å"Grapes of Wrath† directed by John Ford and the poem â€Å"I Will Fight No More Forever† by Chief Joseph, both depictRead More Destruction of the American Dream Essay2145 Words   |  9 PagesDestruction of the American Dream I’ve talked about it in the past, the destruction of the American Dream. Always, there have been papers, writings, and thoughts that quantify a particular section of its ultimate demise, be it due to money, education, or sexuality. Maybe the destruction cannot be viewed as a singular event or cause. Perhaps instead it must be examined as a whole process, the decay and ultimate elimination of a dream. Self destruction, if you will†¦ Mr. Self Destruct Read MoreSuccess As One Of The American Dream1137 Words   |  5 PagesApril 2015 Success as One of The American Dream When we hear the word â€Å"success†, we often think of wealth and money. To some people, the embodiment of being success is earning a lot of money. In fact, the concept of success is primarily based on how much money a person earns. However, each person views the definition of success differently. One way to define success is something that has more to do with flash than it does with substance. John Wooden, an American basketball player and coach viewRead MoreJim Cullen And The American Dream2081 Words   |  9 Pages The American Dream, as defined by Cullen, is starting your goal off with a little and ending with more; it s like a business, you invest in it in order to gain more money. Usually, people will define the American Dream as being able to achieve your goal because everyone is offered opportunities. Cullen does acknowledge that people are born with different opportunities, so he talks about the good life. The good life describes different factors that determine your opportunities. Throughout the otherRead MoreFactors Influencing The American Dream1834 Words   |  8 Pagesindividual to succumb or to not succumb to the seductions of crime. These three factors are brilliantly portrayed in the television show, Breaking Bad and the novel, The Stick Up Kids. The American Dream is what many American citizens strive for. However, not all of those citizens are able to achieve the American Dream through a legal pathway. The reason an indivudal may not being able to do so is because of his or her background factors. It is important to note that background factors are a fractionRead MoreShark Tank And The American Dream1755 Words   |  8 PagesShark Tank and The American Dream The TV show Shark tank embodies everything the American dream represents. The show obtains successful Entrepreneurs ready to invest their own money into other Americans wanting to be just like them, reaching the American dream and become a successful entrepreneur. The show presents entrepreneurs working towards the goal of creating a business to not only gain wealth but also change the way we live today. The show is to keep the American dream alive and well while

The Civil War Of 1865 - 2230 Words

Although the Civil War of 1865 has ended and African Americans were given their freedom due to the Union Victory, conflict was still arising. Reconstruction was a major â€Å"milestone† as some would say in our history. Reconstruction gave light to the trials and tribulations that were apart of the south. Pre civil war south was known for their rigorous amount of slaves and their labor, post civil war south was known for their resistance against freed slaves and their soon to be citizenship. In Johnsons (2012) Reading the American Past Vol 2: from 1865, readers are exposed to a number of excerpts from this era that may or may not shed unseen light on this crucial period in history. Carl Schurz Reports on the Condition of the Defeated South, Black Codes Enacted in the South, Former Slaves Seek to Reunite Their Families and Klan Violence against Blacks are documents that allow readers to see first hand what was endured by many in the reconstruction era of 1863-1877. In Carl Schu rz Reports on the Condition of the Defeated South, the reader is able to sense the resentment the freed slaves have towards the soldiers. Schurz even states within his report that â€Å"The shooting of single soldiers and government couriers was not unfrequently reported while I was in the south.† It seems as though Schurz wants whoever reads his report to know that the south that Johnson sees is completely different than he’s led on. Schurz interviewed twenty people about their views on the new labor system andShow MoreRelatedThe Civil War ( 1861-1865 )1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War (1861-1865) is no doubt one of the most defining moments in U.S. history. Tensions between the North and the South reached a critical point in 1860 when the Southern states began to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The four years that ensued from the Battle of Fort Sumter claimed more than 600,000 lives, marking the Civil War the bloodiest battles in American history. Following the Union’s victory, the seceded states had to be readmitted into the UnionRead MoreAfrican Americans After The Civil War Of 18651226 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War was ending and African Americans gained freedom, freedom from slavery and to live life as common folk. However, being set ‘free’ was not enough for African Americans to really experience what freedom was really like. Respect and rights of citizenship are by themselves weak in the ability to survive without also obtaining economic power. This paper will examine the progression of African Americans after the Civil War of 1865. The immigrant history of African –Americans is unlikeRead MoreThe Civil War, Lasting From 1861-1865, Consisted Of Numerous1156 Words   |  5 PagesThe Civil War, lasting from 1861-1865, consisted of numerous bloody battles, military involvements and other historically significant events. There were over ten thousand events, fifty of them being major.. These battles stretched across twenty-three states and caused over half a million casualties. America was divided between the confederates and union. One of these events started in Fort Sumter, South Carolina. The Confederate States of America were a chain of eleven southern states that separatedRead MoreThe American Civil War, Fought Between 1860 And 1865 Was1170 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Civil War, fought between 1860 and 1865 was one of the bloodiest conflicts in the history of warfare. At the end of the war, more than 600,000 soldiers were dead or wounded. The institution of slavery was ended and the United Stat es was changed forever. Several causes have been suggested for the conflict, including the disagreement over the institution of slavery, economic differences between the north and south and a difference in how the Constitution was to be interpreted. SlaveryRead MoreThe Civil War : A Bloody Battle1150 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"With one terrible exception, the Civil War, law and the Constitution have kept America whole and free† (â€Å"Anthony Lewis†). This quote talks about how the Civil War kept America free. The Civil War was a very bloody battle that occurred about the right over slavery. The war began in 1861 and lasted for 4 years. The two armies were the Union and the Confederate. The Union won the war and it finally ended in 1865. The Civil War was one of the deadliest battles that changed the landscape of the US dueRead MoreThe Ultimate Causes Of The American Civil War941 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was a war fought within the United States of America between the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) The war was one of the most critical events in American history. â€Å"It is estimated that 623,000 soldiers died during the Civil War†(Garrison) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865. While many still debate the ultimate causes of the Civil War, author James McPherson writes that, The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave statesRead MoreWar On Diplomacy By The American Civil War988 Words   |  4 PagesWar on Diplomacy To the victor goes the spoils, and in war that comes with writing the ballad of history. The American Civil War was no different, and it has gone down as a moral war that pitted brother against brother, spilt the blood of hundreds of thousands Americans, and showed the world that all men truly were created equal. This war showed the world that America was willing to do whatever it took to be one nation, indivisible with liberty, and justice for all. The Confederates did not shareRead MoreReconstruction Is The Effort Made In The United States1566 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the Union. The Reconstruction Era last between the years of 1865-1877. The Civil War caused destruction and several deaths throughout the South in 1865. This struggle was compensated by radical Republicans who felt that they were in control of Southerners by punishing them for wanting to preserve their southern tradition. How would the North and the South come to an agreement about the freedom of slaves? Before the Civil War and the actions of President Abraham Lincoln the states were dividedRead MoreThe Things They Carried Essay1718 Words   |  7 Pagesexperience. It showed how the war held obligations to its soldiers and expectations for each of the men to follow. The Things They Carried also showed a side of war that was not always seen in other documents and accounts such as Tim O’Brien thoughts and feelings during the war. However, many of the things O’Brien stated throughout his book is very similar to the experiences shared by men in the Civil War, World War I, and World War II. Moreover, despite some similarities, each war is unique and have theirRead MoreEssay about The Reconstruction Era: The Planted Seeds1231 Words   |  5 PagesThe first roar of the Civil War ended with a last gasp for air. Where in such a war more than six hundred twenty thousand men sacrificed their lives for their own belief in the abolishment of slavery (â€Å"Civil War Facts† ). â€Å"We here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain. That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom† (Baslor). These wise words of Abraham Lincoln cleared the way of a desolate trail of violence and pain, yet he was determined to accomplish his plans

Alternative Medicine and Conventional medicine Free Essays

Shahrzad Nikkhah Professor Keafer English 200 29 november 2012 Alternative Medicine Growing up in a family that has been using herbal medicine for years became a motivation for me to further my knowledge of this ancient practice of alternative medicine . The world health organization has announced that about 65 and 80 percent of world’s population uses traditional medicine, since the growing belief is that to get cured of disease you need to get to the root of the problem, and reach beyond the physical body. According to all the research it seems that alternative medicine is more effective , more economical , less invasive and harmful than conventional medicine. We will write a custom essay sample on Alternative Medicine and Conventional medicine or any similar topic only for you Order Now While It has been proven that state of mind and body are linked directly , mind body medicine helps in healing the body by changing the person’s attitude which effects the immune endocrine and nervous system, while stressed mind interrupts the functioning of the immune system and causes disease. More and more people are relying on the power of prayers , meditation , and herbal medicine to protect their body from negative effect of stress hormone and proper break down of food in body. It has been shown that alternative medicine has helped many with depression and chronic pain, hypertension, and diabetes. Conventional medicine is a quick fix which prevents the body from stimulating the immune system to fight an infection as in antibiotics which destroys the valuable bacteria that helps with digestion. Since the production of antibodies slows down, it prevents the future healing. CAM ( another name for alternative medicine ) helps promote natural healing process while it has by far less side effects and harm to the other organs resulting in a long term benefit. Due to low cost of CAM higher low income population can afford the health care, while the conventional medicine cost has been on the rise over inflation and wage growth. With the 13 percent of 38 million adults who use CAM in conjunction with conventional medicine in the last year the poorer population with no health insurance has been benefiting from this method of treatment, since herbs is easier to obtain , naturally available and do not to be researched. Although , alternative medicine is not completely reliable to be used on serious illnesses many Americans have turned to alternative practices since they have not seen any positive results from standard medical or surgical treatment or because the traditional treatments are too expensive or dangerous. Most alternative medicine principle is to eradicate the problem from its roots. With serious dedication , discipline , and change of life style alternative medicine is personalized to suit the needs of individual. Works Cited: Grodjesk,Joe. â€Å"Sociology Of Medicine Alternative Medicine. â€Å"customessaymeister, May 5,2001 web. Crisenri. â€Å"Pros and cons of alternative medicine. † page1,June 2008 Diggs, Charles â€Å"Alternative medicine research papper. † Oct 20,2009 web. Epiro, E. and Nancy Walsh. â€Å"Alternative Medicine–Part Two: Mind Body Medicine–Expanding Health Model. † Patient Care 15 Sept. 1997: 127-145. Smith, Brad. â€Å"Alternative Treatments Gain Acceptance. † Denver Business Journal 18 July 1997: 2B-4B. How to cite Alternative Medicine and Conventional medicine, Papers

Politicization of Bureaucracy in Pakistan free essay sample

Human societies have been gone through a drastic shift from a very simple life (stone age),to a very complex life, which is now termed as Post-Modern societies or states. Due to this transition, systems had evolved into formal and well organized manner. Now for smooth functioning of a society or state, institute of Government is needed. So Governments are key elements of our social lives and their actions routinely shape the lives of individuals. Governments, which ever political systems they belong to; are not a single entity rather are composed of many departments, institutions and agencies; which jointly work together to ensure smooth running of society. Today the concept of governance carries an important ground. It is the use of political authority and use of control over policy matters to achieve the goal of people’s welfare (K. Sumrin, 2008). The main objective of good governance is to achieve harmony of society, rule of law, economic stability and improved life standards of people and this is done bf devising policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Politicization of Bureaucracy in Pakistan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although, policy making is attributed to elected representatives in a democratic form of governance however, the task of implementation however remains attributed to the bureaucratic machinery which forms the lifeblood of administration. Bureaucracies form an integral part of the government and they do a lot more than just execution of policies. A bureaucrat can be the secretary of a ministry, the CEO of a state enterprise, Director General or a street level bureaucrat such as welfare departments, lower courts, legal services offices, and other agencies. To which ever cadre they belong, bureaucrats have a crucial role to play in delivering governance In short, bureaucracy in the developing countries are seen as engine of growth, development and an agent of change. Characteristics of Bureaucracy: The term bureaucracy was firstly coined by Max Weber for formal organizations concerned with efficiency. It is defined as: â€Å"An organizational model rationally designed to perform tasks efficiently. † There are following six key elements of the ideal bureaucratic organization identified by Max Weber: Specialization Hierarchy of offices Rules and regulations Technical competence Impersonality Formal, written communications All these characteristics were mean to promote efficiency by carefully hiring workers and limiting the unpredictable effects of personal taste and opinion. Considering the ideal model of Weberian bureaucracy the legal-rational bureaucracy is focused to compliance to the direction from the political representatives of the people. State of bureaucracy in Pakistan: Pakistan had a small bureaucracy at the time of independence. However in the past five decades it has grown and expanded and become a fairly large and amorphous lot. Federal government employs over 5 lac civil servants. Out this 90 percent are between Grades 1–15, while 10 percent are in Grades 16–22. Of these the CSS officers comprise around 5 percent. After studying literature on the nature and role of bureaucracy in Pakistan, it shows that it is far from the ideal model of Webers bureaucracy which brings efficiency in governance process. Literature suggests that the nature and function of bureaucracy depends majorly on level of socio-economic development and political system of the society. But in the case of Pakistan where politics is a function of Patronage, bureaucracy remains plagued with institutional decline and their compliance generally comes from coercive (in case of autocratic regimes) and negotiable (in case of democratic regimes) means (S. Saeed, 1999). Research Problem: By considering the importance of the role of bureaucracy for promoting peaceful atmosphere in the society and its politicized nature in Pakistan this research aims to investigate the following problem: â€Å"Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been highly politicized with every change of government which lowered its capacity to maintain law and order for keeping peaceful atmosphere in the society. † Objectives: To analyze the importance of the role of bureaucracy for maintenance of law and order in Pakistan. To find out the reasons and impact of politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan. To find out some solutions in order to sort out the issue. Research Methodology: By keeping in view the nature and objectives of the study, qualitative research approach using grounded theory method of unstructured interviews was used. Convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample of the study. Total of 4 key informants were selected based on equal gender representation, 2 male respondents and 2 female respondents. Data was collected through 3 personal face to face interviews and 1 telephonic interview to get all possible facts pertaining to the problem. An unstructured interview guide (see appendix 1) was developed to remain focus on the problem being investigated. In addition, responses were recorded by using the note-taking technique to create a positive environment for interviews and to keep the respondents at ease. The maximum time for conducting interviews remained between 60-75 minutes. After gathering the data, it was carefully analyzed by using the technique of â€Å"Thematic Analysis†. Responses were organized around the common themes which were derived out of the thematic analysis. Data Analysis: This section includes the transcripts along with the analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered by in-depth interviews of key informants. As discussed above data is thematically analyzed to get the deeper insight of the problem. Along with it Transcripts of interviews are also included. Personal profile of Interviewees: The 4 in-depth interviews were conducted 2 from males and 2 from females’ respondents. There personal profile along with the type of interview and time duration is given in the table below: Personal Information of Respondents Name Gender Professional status Time duration of interview Mode of Interview Dr. Zikria Zakar Male Dean of faculty of Social Sciences,Punjab University 57 minutes Face to face Ms. Habiba Rana Female Assistant director (LDA) grade-18 65 minutes Face to face Anonymous* Female Civil servant(grade 21) 75 minutes Face to face Naik Muhammad Khan Male Secretary public welfare Punjab 45 minutes Telephonic Transcripts Transcript of Dr. Zikria Zakars Interview [Q-1] In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? â€Å"Bureaucracy has a very crucial role in the governance itself because we cannot de-link the state from the governance process. An efficient bureaucracy is imperative to advance good governance. The primary function of bureaucracy is the execution and enforcement of the laws made by the legislature and policies decided by the political executive. Besides this the other important functions are: Carrying out administration, offering policy advice, articulating interests and maintaining political stability. â€Å"I think to run the administration of a country nicely, a band of capabl  officers are required. In Pakistan, bureaucracy has always been an elite service. The bureaucrats are rich, highly privileged and in many ways more powerful than most politicians of our country. † [Q-2] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes, most of the bureaucrats are de-facto party sympathizers and are guided by unofficial political a ffiliations rather than the indifference their jobs require†. [Q-3] In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? Well in my opinion, the main reasons for this dilemma are: â€Å"We did not do any serious efforts to manage our national affairs due to which we are facing a huge number of problems in all spheres of life and this bureaucratic inertia is one of them. Our bureaucracy is always willing to accept under -the- table payments. I admit that not all people are corrupt; obviously few are here to help the people, but usually â€Å"side lined†. â€Å"Similarly poor accountability mechanism makes it extremely difficult to challenge bureaucrats when there are disagreements. † â€Å"Another reason is the state of affairs in the country is characterized by rampant corruption at all levels leading to a break down in the rule of law and lack of accountability all around. All these things lead to collapse of our governance structure. And I strongly believe that this failure is the result of public bureaucracy that has failed to perform because they are managerially incompetent and lacking in accountability. † â€Å"There is no transparency in the functioning of bureaucracy. No one knows who is responsible for what. This has provided the ideal climate for corruption and allowing the politicization of the bureaucrats. † [Q-4] What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"It is quite obvious that such sympathies cause a conflict of public and personal interests and which significantly leads towards poor performance as well as increase in level of corruption in the form of embezzlement, abuse of power and extortion etc. † [Q-5] What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"Well I think, the political leadership must do their own job of establishing policy and holding public service managers accountable for their wrong actions. Although, I know this will face tough challenges but it should be the first step. † Which sort of challenges? â€Å"Like to create political consensus. † â€Å"I think if we want any kind of reforms in bureaucracy, there is a need to define the whole idea of public value and then re-inculcated in the cycle of bureaucracy. As we have lost this value†. â€Å"Bureaucrats have become masters of obfuscation in our country so things cannot continue as they are. That is why there is a need of immediate downsizing of bureaucracies to reduce the government payroll and also to improve efficiency†. Transcript of Ms. Habibas interview [Q-1] In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? â€Å"It is quite true that state functions are dependent on political parties, bureaucratic administration, judiciary and the military so whenever one of them fails, the next in line takes its position of command. It is usually taught that bureaucracy and its functions leads towards more efficient results but as far as my personal experience is concerned, honestly I did not see any practical significance of all these functions rather in my opinion, they have become the main obstacles in smooth running of day to day work†. [Q-2] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes it is very much true that bureaucracy has been highly politicized and this state machinery and perks are used for private use and interests. State funds are exploited for private purposes. Every political party tried their best to appoint bureaucrats of their own choice on all those important positions which can have any kind of direct or indirect influence on government†. â€Å"Appointment of Chairman of NAB, IGs, and the most recent example is the termination of chairman of NADRA etc. There are various such examples around us†. [Q-3] In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? â€Å"I strongly believe that political leadership feeble nature allowed the bureaucrats to take over the reins of the country. Such self-centered politicians open floodgates of opportunities for institutional breaches. It is a usual practice that junior officers are promoted out of turn to burden them with favors, which they later return to their political benefactors†. â€Å"As i said earlier, that our political parties and leaders created this culture of favoritism and political affiliation in bureaucracy. Now it has become a norm to use bureaucrats for personal interests. On the other hand, bureaucracies themselves are inclined towards personal gains in term of promotions and money etc. So both sides are equally responsible for administrative inefficiency. What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"All the negative results are in-front of us including poor situation of law and order, extensive corruption in national projects, destruction of infrastructure and inefficiency of all major public organizations etc. All these are the product of bureaucratic mess†. [Q-5] What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue? â€Å"I do not think any measure can be taken in the situation where everyone is involved in corruption in one way to another. They delay major projects of national interest just to serve personal interests. We need a revolutionary kind of reforms both in political as well as in bureaucratic structure. All setup should be replaced by the best talent, regardless of political antecedent†. Transcript of 18th grade Civil servants Interview (Respondents profile is not provided to ensure anonymity according to agreement) [Q-1] In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? â€Å"In developing countries, bureaucracy is considered to be an engine of good governance and development as along with other public institutions, it was expected to provide leadership, order and stability in the country. In modern political systems, bureaucracy is expected to ensure continuity of policies, political order, and stability, uphold rule of law, and promote economic development and cultural cohesion. [Q-2] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes a lot of political interference peeped into the bureaucratic structure, causing negative impact on administration and governance. The government servants could play a positive role in establishing good governance in the country only if they had a sense of security. It is possible only if they have assurance that no adverse action would be taken against them for non-compliance of any illegal order or direction of his superiors or political heads†. â€Å"The government had established the National Accountability Bureau with a view to eradicating corruption and corrupt practices and hold accountable all those persons accused of such practices. However, it has failed to perform its functions to the expectation of the general public because the concerned officials of NAB did succumb to the external or internal pressures. Resultantly, the large sums of public money, illegally plundered, could not be recovered, This is only one example; our history is full of such political interferences. [Q-3] In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? â€Å"Because of favoritism, nepotism and also due to exploitation of the government employees through their appointments, removals and promotions. In Pakistan the appointment and removal of civil servants always remain politically motivated. All these help to serve their personal interests†. [Q-4] What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"Consequences are quite obvious â€Å"It triggered the lowering of standards, violation of principles of good administration, thus paving way for nepotism, and political interference, leading to poor governance, maladministration and indeed corruption. Can you please identify some ways of corruption in our bureaucracies? All forms of misuse of authority should be seen as corruption, these mainly include: violation of formal standard operating procedures, appeasing the power elite, unnecessary government expenditure, nepotism, bribery and illegal financial kick-backs for granting tenders. What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"It is necessary that best talent of country be attracted to civil services. Since bureaucracy has been so notorious for its political role, most of educated class avoids taking the competitive exam. They instead prefer the private sector and multinational firms as they not only pay well but also do not require dependence on any patronage for career advancement†. â€Å"Another measure which should be taken without delay is the strengthening of a system of accountability and procedural control†. â€Å"I also think that Public Service Commission must be fairly autonomous†. Transcript of Mr. Naik Muhammad Khans interview [Q-1] Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. â€Å"Yes, since the very first regime of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, several key bureaucrats showed a readiness for increasing their role in political affairs. Individuals such as Malik Ghulam Muhammad and Iskander Mirza who ascended to the apex of political power in Pakistan originally hailed from the bureaucracy and lacked democratic credentials†. In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? â€Å"An absence of competent and assertive political leadership creates space for other actors to intervene on the pretext that the country needs to be saved from anarchy and corruption. Both the bureaucracy, and the military of Pakistan, has used this vacuum created by the political leadership whenever it seemed convenient to them†. [Q-3] What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"A politicized bureaucracy is fertile ground for nepotism, jobbery, financial corruption and other forms of misuse of authority. The outcome of all this is inevitably a situation where merit, honesty and diligence are compromised making the functioning of bureaucracy significantly less effective and efficient†. [Q-4] What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy? â€Å"Politicians must lead from the front; they must practice, promote and enforce strict non-interference in order to bring on track actors belonging to political and administrative domains of governance. Furthermore, better accountability should be ensured so that misuse of office can be curbed and a constructive work-ethic could be harnessed†. Thematic Analysis Due to qualitative nature of research, data is analyzed thematically. Researcher read the transcripts again and again in order became familiar with respondents opinions and explanations regarding the topic and hence identified the following themes from the data: First theme: Importance of the role of bureaucracy It is interpreted through the analysis of in-depth interviews that all the respondents were of the view that bureaucracy plays a significant role in the state structure. An efficient bureaucracy is imperative to advance good governance. E. g. Dr. Zikria said â€Å"I think to run the administration of a country nicely, a band of capable officers are required. † Similarly according to Ms. Habiba â€Å"It is quite true that state functions are dependent on political parties, bureaucratic administration, judiciary and the military † Similar views were shared by another respondent who said that â€Å"Bureaucracy is considered as an engine of good governance. † Second theme: Politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan Analysis of responses shows that all the four respondents shared this opinion that in Pakistan, it is clearly evident that bureaucracy has been highly politicized. It lacks neutrality and indifference that their jobs require. While giving opinion Dr. Zikria said that â€Å"Yes, most of the bureaucrats are de-facto party sympathizers and are guided by unofficial political affiliations. † According to Habiba Rana â€Å"Every political party tried their best to appoint favorite officer on all those positions which can have any kind of direct or indirect influence on government. † Second female respondent argued that â€Å"A lot of political interference peeped into bureaucratic structure, causing negative impacts on administration and governance. † Same views were also shared by Mr. Naik by saying â€Å"since the very first regime of Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan, several key bureaucrats showed a readiness for increasing their role in political affairs. † Third theme: Reasons and consequences of politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan It is interpreted from the responses that poor accountability mechanism, managerial incompetency, lack of transparency in bureaucratic functions and the culture of favoritism are the main factors for politicization. For example while answering the question related to reasons for politicization of bureaucracy Ms. Habiba said that â€Å"it’s become norm to use bureaucrats for personal use on the other hand, bureaucrats themselves are inclined towards gaining benefits † Thus it is interpreted that all these reasons leads towards negative consequences or impacts on states functioning because politicized bureaucracy provides a fertile ground for nepotism, jobbery, financial corruption and other forms of misuse of authority. The common ways of corruption which highlighted by most of respondents were appeasing the power elite, bribery, illegal financial kick-backs for granting tenders, misuse of authority, embezzlement, allocation of state land to private interests, before time promotions and illegal perks etc. Fourth theme: Possible Measures All the respondents came up with their own recommendations in order to sort out this issue. Some common ideas were as: Revolutionary kinds of reforms are needed in both political and bureaucratic structure. The best talent, regardless of political antecedent must be employed. A system of accountability and procedural control must also be strengthened. It is important to mention here that no major differences in the opinions were find regarding the politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan which lowered its capacity to maintain law and order for keeping peaceful atmosphere in the society. Conclusion: It is concluded from the analysis of responses that all were in the view that bureaucracy has a very crucial role in the governance itself. But sadly, Politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan is the biggest menace, which plagues governance and both politicians and bureaucrats are implicit in the crime. It is the need of time to bring reforms in bureaucratic functioning in order to maintain law and order peaceful atmosphere in the society. References Shafqat, S. (1999). Pakistani bureaucracy: Crisis of Governance and Prospects of Reforms. The Pakistan Development Review, 38, 995-1017. Kalia, S. (2009). Bureaucratic policy making in Pakistan. The Dialouge, 8, 2. Biber, H. , Leavy, P. (2010). The Practice of Quantitative Research: SAGE. Appendix: 1 Interview Guide In your opinion, what is the Importance of the role of bureaucracy? Do you think that Bureaucracy in Pakistan has been politicized? Give some examples. In your opinion, what are the main reasons for politicization of bureaucracy in Pakistan? What are the consequences of this politicization of bureaucracy? What possible measures can be taken to resolve this issue of politicization of bureaucracy?

Four Common Idioms from Shakespeare

Four Common Idioms from Shakespeare Four Common Idioms from Shakespeare Four Common Idioms from Shakespeare By Maeve Maddox What do the following examples from the Web have in common? Changing my mind  is not something that happens often.  Its a simple case of  me  stating  my  point and  refusing to budge an inch  from it.   US Recovery Cold Comfort for Unemployed Are your kids  eating  you  out of house and home  during the summer? . I made the mistake of buying him an egg salad sandwich, even though  in my heart of hearts I knew  he wouldnt like or eat it. Each one contains a phrase from Shakespeare that is still in widespread use. refuse to budge an inch In the frame story of The Taming of the Shrew, drunken Christopher Sly has been thrown out of an inn. An inn employee threatens to call the law on him, but Sly refuses to be intimidated by the threat. He tells the employee to call whom he will, but that he’ll â€Å"not budge an inch.† Sly uses the expression literally: he will not physically move from the place where he immediately falls asleep. In modern usage, the idiom is usually used figuratively with the meaning, â€Å"stand firm,† â€Å"refuse to change one’s mind on a matter.† cold comfort Shakespeare uses this expression in two plays: The Taming of the Shrew and King John. In the Shrew, Grumio uses the expression in a lengthy and bawdy punning exchange with another servant. In King John, the king, dying of poison, suffers from a burning fever. When his attendants inquire how he feels, he responds hyperbolically, personifying Winter and chiding them for not asking winter: to make his bleak winds kiss my parched lips And comfort me with cold. I do not ask you much; I beg cold comfort; and you are so strait And so ingrateful you deny me that. In modern usage, â€Å"cold comfort† is used figuratively in contexts in which something that is good in one sense is not adequate consolation for those who do not benefit from it. For example, the news of a drop in unemployment is â€Å"cold comfort† to people who remain unemployed. to eat one out of house and home In Henry IV, Part 2, Hostess Quickly of the Boar’s Head tavern has called the law on Falstaff because he has run up an unpaid bill of 100 marks. When the Lord Chief Justice asks for details, she says, â€Å"He hath eaten me out of house and home; he hath put all my substance into that fat belly of his.† In modern usage, the expression seems to be especially common in reference to teenagers. in my heart of hearts Shakespeare puts the expression in Hamlet’s mouth, although without a plural: Give me that man That is not passion’s slave, and I will wear him In my heart’s core, ay, in my heart of heart. Hamlet is praising Horatio for being the kind of man who can be trusted. In modern usage the phrase â€Å"heart of hearts† means, â€Å"the seat of one’s truest feelings.† The expression is especially popular on dating sites. For example: The most important question to ask yourself is this:  In your heart of hearts, do you believe that he or she is the one and only? Happy Birthday, Shakespeare! He was not of an age, but for all time!- Ben Jonson (1572-1637) William Shakespeare Born: April 23, 1564 Died: April 23, 1616 Related posts Shakespeare’s Vocabulary Book Titles From Shakespeare Sources of Titles Drawn from Shakespeare 20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays The Most Unkindest Cut of All Thou Lily-livered Boy Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Fly, Flew, (has) FlownFlied?44 Resume Writing Tips7 Proofreading Steps

Oseberg - Viking Ship Burial in Norway

Oseberg - Viking Ship Burial in Norway Oseberg is the name of a Viking ship burial, located near present-day Tà ¸nsberg, Norway, about 60 miles (95 kilometers) south of Oslo, on the banks of the Oslo Fjord in Vestfold county. Oseberg is one of several ship burials in the region, but it is the richest and best preserved of such elite graves. Key Takeaways: Oseberg Ship Burial Oseberg is a Viking boat grave, the interment of two elite women inside a working ship. Created in 834 CE in eastern Norway south of Oslo, the ship and its contents were  remarkably well-preserved.  The ship was likely a royal barge built in 820 CE in western Norway.Completely excavated in 1904, archaeological research has been focused on the analysis and conservation of the recovered artifacts.   Viking Ship Description The Oseberg ship was a karvi, a clinker-constructed ship built almost entirely of oak, and measuring 70.5 feet (21.4 meters) long, 17 ft (5.1 m) wide, and 4.9 ft (1.58 m) deep, from the railing to keel. The hull was constructed of 12 board planks stacked horizontally on either side; the port and starboard upper board planks have 15 oar holes, meaning the ship would have been propelled by a total of 30 oars- the oars were included in the burial. Oseberg was an elaborately decorated ship, with several ornate carvings covering its hull, and it was decidedly not built for strength as a warship might have been. Analysis of the wooden parts of the ship suggested to archaeologists that the ship was originally a royal barge, built in Western Norway about 820 CE and used for short voyages along the coastlines. It wasnt terribly seaworthy, but it was overhauled immediately before the burial. The oars and yardarm were new and not the right size for the ship, and the anchor was too small. Tools found aboard the ship included two small axes, kitchen equipment including a quern for grinding grain located near a butchered ox. The handles on both were well-preserved, with a characteristic herringbone pattern known as spretteteljing in evidence. A small wooden chest was also identified: although it was empty, it is assumed to have been a tool chest. Animals represented in the faunal assemblage included two oxen, four dogs, and 13 horses; there were also sledges, wagons, and a vertical loom. Burial Chamber Gabriel Gustafson excavation: News photo of the Oseberg Viking Ship Burial, 1904. Hulton Archive / Getty Images In the middle of the barge was a timber-built box with a tent-like cover of roughly hewn oak planks and posts. The chamber had been plundered in the 10th century CE- apparently part of ritual disturbances of many mounds during the reign of Harald Bluetooth (911–986 CE), who had ordered the destruction of mounds as part of his Christianization of the Scandinavian people. Despite Harolds efforts, the chamber still included the fragmented skeletal remains of two women, one aged in her 80s and the other in her early fifties. When it was excavated in 1904, the interior of the chamber still contained the remains of several textiles. Some of the textiles may have been bedding, or wall hangings, or both. There were the remains of the womens clothing discovered as well: over 150 fragments of silk were found woven into the garments of the women. Twelve of the fragments were silk embroidery, the earliest found to date in Scandinavia. Some of the silk had been treated with madder and kermes dyes. Some historians (such as Anne-Stine Ingstad, associated with the discovery of Leif Ericssons Lanse aux Meadows camp in Canada) have suggested the elderly woman was Queen Asa, mentioned in the Viking poem Ynglingatal; the younger woman is sometimes referred to as a hofgyà °ja or priestess. The name of Oseberg- the burial is named after the nearby town- might be interpreted as Asas berg; and the word berg is related to the Old High German/Old Anglo-Saxon terms for hill or grave mound. No archaeological evidence has been found to support this hypothesis. Dating the Oseberg Ship Detail of the Oseberg Cart from the Oseberg ship burial, 9th century. Print Collector / Hulton Archive / Getty Images Dendrochronological analysis of the grave chamber timbers gave a precise date of the construction as 834 CE. Radiocarbon dating of the skeletons returned a date of 1220–1230 BP, consistent with the tree ring dates. DNA could only be retrieved from the younger woman, and it suggests she may have originated from the Black Sea region. Stable isotope analysis suggests the two had a primarily terrestrial diet, with relatively small amounts of fish compared to typical Viking fare. Excavation Prior to excavation, the large mound built over the top by the Vikings had been known as Revehaugen or Fox Hill: after the nearby Gokstad ship was discovered in 1880, Fox Hill was presumed to also hold a ship, and clandestine attempts to uncover parts of the mound began. Much of the soil was removed and used for fill before 1902 when the first official survey of what was left of the mound was conducted. Oseberg was excavated by Swedish archaeologist Gabriel Gustafson (1853–1915) in 1904 and eventually written up by A.W. Brogger and Haakon Shetelig. The remarkable preservation of the contents was the result of the weight of the huge mound built above it, which pressed the ship and its contents down below the water table. The ship has been restored and it and its contents have been on display at the Viking Ship House at the University of Oslo since 1926. But over the last 20 years, scholars have noted that the wooden artifacts have become increasingly brittle. Conservation When Oseberg was discovered over a hundred years ago, scholars used typical preservation techniques of the day: all the wooden artifacts were treated to various mixtures of linseed oil, creosote, and/or potassium aluminum sulfate (alum), then coated in lacquer. At the time, the alum acted as a stabilizer, crystallizing the woods structure: but infrared analysis has shown that the alum has caused the complete breakdown of the cellulose, and the modification of lignin. Some of the objects are only held together by the thin layer of lacquer. The Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres have been addressing the issue, and conservationists at the National Museum of Denmark have been working on developing a comprehensive approach to the preservation of waterlogged wooden objects. Although the answers are as yet unclear, some potential exists for the creation of an artificial wood to replace that lost. Selected Sources Bill, Jan. Ambiguous Mobility in the Viking Age Ship Burial from Oseberg. Materialities of Passing: Explorations in Transformation, Transition and Transience. Eds. Bjerregaard, Peter, Anders Emil Rasmussen and Tim Flohr Sà ¸rensen. Vol. 3. Studies in Death, Materiality and the Origin of Time. New York: Routledge, 2016. 207–253. Print. of Power Politics? Antiquity 86.333 (2012): 808–24. Print.Draganits, E., et al. The Late Nordic Iron Age and Viking Age Royal Burial Site of Borre in Norway: ALS- and GPR-Based Landscape Reconstruction and Harbour Location at an Uplifting Coastal Area. Quaternary International 367 (2015): 96–110. Print.McQueen, Caitlin M. A., et al. New Insights into the Degradation Processes and Influence of the Conservation Treatment in Alum-Treated Wood from the Oseberg Collection. Microchemical Journal 132 (2017): 119–29. Print. Nordeide, Sà ¦bjà ¸rg Walaker. Death in Abundance Quickly! The Duration of the Oseberg Burial. Acta Archaeologica 82.1 (2011): 7–11. Print.Vederler, Marianne. Silk for the Vikings. Ancient Textiles Series 15. Oxford: Oxford Books, 2014.

ITM422 - Administering IT Infrastructure - Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

ITM422 - Administering IT Infrastructure - Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example Companies are said to have overwhelming data if they begin to collect and store from external sources. Many organizations acquire huge data when they purchase information technology solutions and applications from external vendors. Researchers advise companies to have a database which is simple and user friendly (Lucker, 2005). It must also be properly organized and prepared which would allow the employees to access the information. It is necessary that the organization of the data be smooth which would assist the users in obtaining significance out of it. The smooth and simple organization of data from small projects can assist organizations in taking more complex projects. This will not lead to an abundance of data but it allows it to be organized in a simple, practical, and logical way. The data needs to be classified and categorized in a way which allows for the running of numerous applications (Lucker, 2005). It is also essential that database designers implement systems with fe atures that are beneficial for the organization. Many organizations are utilizing the technological innovations to manage data in a simple, organized and consistent way. The logging of data is performed to ensure that IT administrators can use it if there has been a security breach or event. Companies are increasingly using firewalls, UNIX, Windows servers, and other hardware to perform logging of data. Calpine is a company which deals with power and energy products (Higgins, 2005). The company not only logs its data but has also properly designed and evaluated it. Firewall analysis applications are being used as a smart way to find specific events (Higgins, 2005). The conventional method of finding specific events inside logs is very cumbersome and time consuming. Many vendors like Cisco offer technological solutions that are assisting companies in designing smart and simplified organizational data management processes. The increase in customers and automation of

The worlds scariest virus of all viruses Research Paper

The worlds scariest virus of all viruses - Research Paper Example Viruses are the smallest existing microorganisms which may be made up of either DNA or RNA as their means of storing genetic information. They only survive and replicate inside host cells like those of humans and even animals. This paper is aimed at examining the list of top viruses that have proven deadly in the world today and even in the recent years. It also explains in brief the predisposing factors that favor the survival of these viruses, their effects in human bodies and the general effect of them in the world. Some of the viruses discussed, in order of their deadliness, include the Human Immune-deficiency virus, Ebola virus and the Rotavirus. This listing method may vary from one state to another, depending on epidemiology and environmental conditions of the state. The impact of these viruses on the working economy of the world is also analyzed, given the increasing trend in occurrences of viral diseases. Introduction What would one say or think is the world’s number one killer of human beings today? Would they think its war, automobile accidents, or maybe even cancers? If one were to assume those answers, then that would be completely wrong. This paper the will try to prove that the deadliest things to mankind are viruses. In this paper, the author will list the top three killers of all times, specifically the number one deadly virus known to us as HIV. This paper will go into deep detail of the number one virus and its effects on the human being’s body. ... The virus is introduced into the human body through various ways, including sexual intercourse, blood transfusion and congenital transmission from mother to child (WHO, 2013). Once the virus has established itself, it survives and thrives killing the mentioned cells, damaging the infected person’s immunity and leaving them more at risk of acquiring infections. Once the virus has destroyed one’s immune system, the person is left vulnerable to secondary infections and other opportunistic diseases. The majority of people infected with HIV develop AIDS at later stages of the virus progression. Once a patient has AIDS, tumors, and a number of infections, which are controlled by the CD4+ T helper cells, begin to manifest. Predisposing Factors There are various predisposing factors for the virus to establish itself in the body and cause a disease. Those at risk of contracting the disease are drug users who use needles to inject themselves, those who have multiple sex partners, and practice unprotected sex. Infants who are born to mothers who are infected by the disease are also at risk of contracting the virus. Once infected, the virus can last for even ten years before the clinical signs appear. This makes it more dangerous as one can continue transmitting the virus to others unknowingly. The clinical presentation of the resultant disease varies, depending on the person’s nutritional status and their immunity, from one person to another. The clinical signs include fever, fatigue, diarrhea, muscle pains, rashes and sores in the body, and headaches among others. To show the presence of the virus in the body, antibodies against the virus, which are produced in case the virus invade the body, are detected

How Americans Have Fought War Throughout History Essay -- American War

War is an art form. Everything from the tactics of battle to the uniforms to the weapons to the soldiers, every part has a certain role to play. From the very beginnings of war, there have been those societies that have excelled. Take the Spartans of ancient Rome. Considered by some as the greatest warriors of all time, these human war machines were bred for war. Boys were taken at young ages and taught the art of war until it became part of their soul. Then there were the Mongols. These fierce Central Asian steppe peoples dominated the Asian mainland for nearly a century. Fast forward a few years and the British Empire takes form, and sea warfare is perfected by the British Royal Navy. Now it seems as though America has become the world standard for military power. In its short history of war, America has employed the use of innovative tactics and controversial strategies, all of which were necessary for American victory. America’s first war, its war for independence included the use of a new strategy. American militia men, knowing they were overwhelmingly outmatched by the British Army, used a form of guerilla warfare in order to defeat the British. The colonists would launch surprise attacks on the unsuspecting British, catching them by surprise and sometimes defeating them (Kraplin 5). This was a step away from the form of warfare the British were used to. There were many other tactics the colonists used that the British were not used to, as well. The militiamen would often hide behind trees and fire upon the British soldiers as they marched by (5). This was also new to the British soldiers, who were used to facing an enemy on an open field, lining up, and firing away. This strategy also fit into the form of a g... ...y of Wisconsin Press, Madison, WI, 1968. Pike, John. "Napalm." Globalsecurity.org. N.p., 27 Nov 2005. Web. 23 May 2010. Preston, Anthony, Decisive Battles of the Pacific War. Chartwell Book, Seacus, NJ, 1979. Roth, David E., The Civil War. Quadrillion Publishing. 1992 Simkin, John, Chemical Warfare, n. pag., Web. 14 Mar 2010 http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/VNchemical.html Thomson, Sir Robert. War in Peace. London, England: Orbis Publishing Ltd., 1981. 181-168. Print. US Dept. of Energy, . "The Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima."US Department of Energy: Office of Heritage and History. US Department of Energy, n.d. Web . 20 May 2010. . Weigley, Russel F., The American Way of War. Indiana University Press. Bloomington, IN, 1973.

Citizen Kane Essay

The film Citizen Kane (1941), directed and written by Orson Welles and Herman Mankiewicz, is an American film drama that use various film techniques to illustrate themes, attitudes, and the development of a story. Welles’ use of camera angles, lighting, movement, symbolism and expression allow the audience to comprehend and understand the themes such as power and exploitation that are present in this movie along with many other themes that pertain to the life of the main character, Charles Foster Kane. Many of the filming techniques that are used in this film illustrate Kane and his feelings and transitions through and about his life. Citizen Kane is a film that demonstrates the importance of how simple scene techniques can help develop a story. After viewing the film, the audience comes to understand that the main theme of the movie is centered around the importance of childhood. Throughout the movie, symbolism is used to reinforce the theme. Thompson, the reporter, attempts to figure out the meaning of the word â€Å"rosebud†, Kane’s last words before passing away. Kane’s life seems to be a mystery to some people, and the word â€Å"rosebud† is that missing piece to Kane’s life. Thompson never figures out what â€Å"rosebud† means, but at the end of the movie we see the word â€Å"rosebud† on the sled that was thrown into the fire. At this point the audience understands that rosebud is indeed symbolic of his childhood and the missing piece of his life. Earlier in the movie, Kane is outside playing with that same sled while his parents are discussing a plan to send him away. â€Å"Rosebud† can now be connected to the snow globe which represents his childhood in Colorad o. Thomson said that â€Å"rosebud† was a missing piece in a jigsaw puzzle. He is illustrating that Kane always felt that he lost his childhood and himself. All he had to show for it was that sled and the snow globe. Further importance on the theme of his childhood is illustrated through lighting when Thomson the reporter investigates Tatcher to get a better understanding of Kane’s childhood. When he enters the room there is a very distinct, glowing light that is angled in such away that it focuses on a book containing information about Kane’s childhood. Right away, we see the importance of Kane’s childhood in the developing plot. To further emphasize this importance, when Thomson opens the book, the audience notices the very distinct contrast between the bright light on the book and the dark area surrounding the book. Throughout the movie, the director is hinting to the audience that his childhood is symbolic of something very important which just might be the answer to the question, â€Å" What/who is Rosebud?† By now the audience understands that that Kane was unable to have a normal childhood due to a lack of say and power. This is illustrated using a depth and focus effect. In the early parts of the film there is a scene in which Kane is outside playing while his parents and banker are negotiating his fate. The actors are ordered in such a way that the mother is always in front, followed by the banker, Kane’s father, and then Kane. Kane’s mother seems to have the power due to her position in this scene. It is important to notice that although Kane is in the far depths, he is still in focus, but with limited power. As we transition through the movie, Kane gains power and is in the front of this scene but there is always depth and focus in the shot to illustrate a hierarchy of power. Another theme in the movie that is reinforced by this technique of depth focusing is relationships. As Kane develops through the movie, the audience recognizes that he is losing his power and his weakness leads to broken relationships. When he takes control of the Inquirer, he is constantly surrounded by people and they are not physically distant from him, but as his status on the hierarchical system dwindles down, he begins to distance himself from others in scenes. When Kane fires Leland, we see a great deal of depth and distance between the two but both remain in focus. In this same scene Bernstein is standing in the doorway at a distance away from Kane but he has no significance. The way the actors are positioned illustrate how Kane is developing as person and with other people around him. When Kane gets taken away by Tatcher at a very young age, his life is transitioning into one of power and corruption. When his employees and partners welcome him for the first time at the Inquirer, all the shots are low angle shots. The angle also makes it seem as though Kane is significantly larger than everyone else in the subsequent scenes. It is as though the audience is looking up to him just as his employees are, illustrating the theme of power that Kane now holds. Exploitation is a theme that begins to develop after Kane has taken control of the Inquirer. His need for power continues to grow and he becomes more and more corrupt. Not only is there corruption within his company, but he comes to exploit other peoples thoughts and ideas. As Kane obtains more power and greed, he gets the idea to run for governor, but in the process he gets exploited in regards to his developing relationship with Susan. This is where the movie transitions from power to weakness. Up until this point there has been many low-angle shots to illustrate Kane’s growing power. When Kane loses the election, the film moves transitions into high-angle shots. Prior to anyone even saying that the election was over, the scene setting clearly illustrates that the election was lost. Even though the office looks like it is a mess, it is very empty. No campaign crew, no feeling. The shot then moves to Kane. During this scene Kane speaks with two different people but his face is down and hidden from the audience. The camera is constantly at a low angle illustrating Kane’s diminishing power. Furthermore, this is the first scene with Kane in which there is limiting lighting in the room, which reinforces the concept of an empty feeling. As mentioned before, the director uses deep focused shots to illustrate a hierarchy of power. Throughout the movie, deep focused shots are also used to put significance on a specific actor. In the deep focused shots, actors are usually separated by long distances, like in the scene where Kane is talking to Susan across a long corridor with Thompson as the interviewer. When either Kane or Susan speak, the camera shot is always focused in front of them to draw attention to what they are saying. Another technique used to put focus on Kane throughout the movie is by drawing in on Kane by passing through and object or person through a continuous shot. This filming technique is used in the first scene of the movie. The scene begins with the audience closing in on a â€Å"No Trespassing† sign, and then passes through the sign to reveal a house with light coming from one window. This might not be a significant amount of light, but the lighting does illustrate the importance of what lies beyond those windows. The scene continues through a garden, over fences, etc. but the whole time the lighted window stays in the same position, continuously bringing a attention to its significance. Of course as the scene continues it is that of Kane passing away and revealing the mystery which follows throughout the film. The director attempts to always keep the attention on Kane even when it seems as though he is fading out of the discussion. The audience can always find a relationship between the characters of a story/film and the main themes. In the film Citizen Kane, the relationship between the characters and important themes are illustrated by filming techniques that range from camera angles to symbolism. Throughout the movie symbolism played an important role in determining the main theme and what â€Å"rosebud† meant. Kane’s development as a person and place in society was illustrated through camera angles, lighting, and depth. These techniques not only assists the audience in understanding Kane, but also understanding other characters and the relationship Kane had with them.

Social Construction of Race - 1867 Words

There is perhaps no bigger and more expansive social construction known to man than the construction of race. In earlier times race meant a tie to national origin, Greek race, Roman race, etc. race underwent a big change in meaning to it’s more contemporary form to distinguish biological differences of physical features and skin color (Wiegman 157). Film and television in this century and the twentieth century have aided and perpetuated stereotypes of race. These stereotypes have been most associated with minority or non-white groups in particularly, and most discussed pertaining to African-Americans in these mediums. Dating back to the earliest silent films all the way through the 20th century and into the new millennium†¦show more content†¦Just like society at large, religion is, in America, the most important aspect and the dividing line between the â€Å"other†. Governor Al Smith of New York, an Irish-American and the Democratic candidate for president in 1928 faced fierce backlash for being Catholic and was a deciding factor in him losing the election (cite). Likewise thirty-two years later John F. Kennedy ran for president and face head winds so strong he had to address it at a Protestant ministers conference in Houston, TX, and demonstrate his insistence that he would not listen to the pope and was a loyal American (cite). Today fifty years after the Kennedy Administration what was â€Å"other† is now â€Å"white†, for instance, Nancy Pelosi, the former Speaker of the House and Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia both Italian-Americans both Catholics are as Wiegman describes â€Å"part of an expanding whiteness† (Wiegman 158). While the aforementioned example is not about film, the filmic representation of the marginalized white groups mirrors American society as a whole. If as Wiegman notes whiteness is expanding, how far will it expand? And if infinitely, what does that mean for African-Americans and o ther minority groups? Only time will tell. Following the Second World War the predicament of European Jews was of little to no concern to those in the United States according to Patricia Erens author of The Jew in American Cinema (197). In the 1950s with the onslaught of McCarthyism studios were against making anyShow MoreRelatedRace And Race : The Social Construction Of Race858 Words   |  4 PagesThe race is an indefinite term, which has not been created from science or research, but more so the idea of what it is. Essentially, race is all about perception. One person may separate races based on a certain category of traits while another person uses totally different guidelines to define what races there are. Race has ultimately been created socially, therefor has no biological components until people connect the two terms. This paper examines the connection between society and race whileRead MoreRace As A Social Construction1679 Words   |  7 PagesAlisha Sparks Dr. Stanley POLS 24 November 2015 Race as a Social Construction When we talk about race, what are we really talking about? The issue of race is a complex issue, with socially ambiguous undertones that have plagued our society for decades. Race has been a marker and maker of stereotypes. Race has been used as a justification for injustice. Whether slavery, Japanese internment, or social and economic exclusion, race has given an avenue for those in power to exclude ones deemed ‘other’Read MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1242 Words   |  5 Pagesfoundation for what appears to be the social construction of race. Somewhere along the lines, eugenics became more about isolating certain human characteristics, like skin color, and relegating them to a hierarchy of societal importance (Norrgard, 2008). 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Haney Lopez defines race as a social construct that is constantly changing its meaning due to the fickle nature of society. Lopez believes that this fickleness stems from a social climate formed by a variety of factors such as human economic interest, current events , and ideology. There are certain racial definitions however, that have remained mostly the same despite efforts to bring attention to the offensiveness and immorality of such discriminatory thinkingRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Race1638 Words   |  7 Pagesstupid immoral, diseased, lazy, incompetent, and dangerous to the white man’s virtue and social order â€Å"(p.181). Blackness have become objectified in public spaces, they are view as a threat on the street of Toronto, surrounding areas and even in the criminal justice system. In fact this negative stereotype of criminalization have put Black males under scrutiny and constant surveillance. The social construction of race by the dominant belief system are still embedded in society that capitalized on minoritiesRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Race2146 Words   |  9 PagesAbadjivor AFAS 304B Professor Machibya 30 March 2015 The Social Construction of Race The underlying characteristic of race concepts is found in its use of phenotypes and physical differences in order to gain an understanding of why there are different people that exist in the world. These differences have been used in understanding the behaviors, intellect, and the value of humans through connecting different characteristics to different classified races. Using phenotypical differences to understand certainRead MoreRace As A Social Construction966 Words   |  4 PagesRace is a concept only existing in societies with systems of oppression based on social racism. In chapter eleven: Inequality, they discuss how, â€Å"There is nothing intrinsic about, for example, any racial or ethnic group that makes it distinct from any other; race and ethnicity are dynamic, fluid categories that are socially defined†(Ritzer). The oppression of â€Å"superior† groups demonstrates on â€Å"inferior† groups is one consequence of race as a social construction, whic h is to have one’s identity reducedRead MoreRace Is A Social Construction1074 Words   |  5 Pagesthe term â€Å"race† should not be used. Scholars and others argue that the term â€Å"race† should not be used because there is no biological basis for the concept of race. Geneticists have determined that code for physical traits (the key distinguishing characteristic for â€Å"race†) are inherited independently of one another. Any attempts there have been to define race based on genes are futile, because there is no set of genes that everyone within the â€Å"race† has. Scholars argue that race is a social constructionRead MoreSocial Construction of Race1418 Words   |  6 PagesThe Use of Humor to Poke Fun at the Social Construction of Class: Illustrated in the Film The Jerk through Navin Johnson Money does not last forever. All the money in the world can become the reason why people change their personality and behavior. In the film The Jerk by Carl Reiner, a complete moron struggles to make it through life on his own, until a bizarre invention makes him unbelievably a wealthy man. Navin grew up in Mississippi as an adopted son of a black family, but on his birthday